Assess the usefulness of Marxist approach to an understanding of crime and deviance’ Essay

There atomic number 18 numerous Marxist theories that help us to take in offensive activity and deviance in contrasting ways, however they are whole based around the same ideas. They believe capitalism causes criminal offense in three different ways including, selective right enforcement, criminogenic capitalism and ideological record of the law. Traditional Marxists believe that crime is inevitable in all societies because capitalism is criminogenic suggesting that it is societies very nature that causes crime. According to conventional Marxists nine causes capitalism in different ways. One of which is due to poverty. The lack of kind mobility means that people find it difficult to move up the companionable ramifyes. And therefore those in poverty that arousenot save necessities such as food result in utilitarian crimes (crimes with a purpose) for example theft In order to survive. Another way that capitalism causes crime is due to capitalism advertising ingathering s encouraging the false need and desire for consumer goods. A false need makes an individual believe that they need a product when in reality they dont, for example cars, phones etc.They can achieve this through the media for example TV advertisements and billboards, because people believe this is what they need if they cannot afford it lawfully then they may turn to crime. Thirdly capitalism can cause crime through alienation (individuals feeling isolated from the rest of society) as a lack of control of their lives may lead to crimes of violence and other non utilitarian crimes without a purpose for example domestic violence etc. This could occur whereby a partner feels frustrated with his social position and therefore takes it out on members of the family etc. Finally capitalism encourages a dog-eat-dog world therefore regardless of social programme people always want more(prenominal) than.This leads to crimes from all different classes. The wealthinessy commit crimes such a s fraud and tax invasion, statistics just dont show this as much. David Gordon 1976 explained this as he said crime is a rational response to the capitalist system and is found in all social classes, even though statistics make it look as though it is concentrated amongst the running(a) class. Here David Gordon is explaining that crime is just a response to the way society is run, that it is the capitalist structure of society that creates these crimes, and that even though statistics represent more working class as the criminals, in reality all classes are wrong of crime.Traditional Marxists also proposed the theory that law making and law enforcement can have an effect on crime in society as law making and enforcement serves the interests of the capitalist class. The ruling class have the post to change laws, prevent laws and enforce laws. An example of when we have seen how quickly laws can be obligate by the ruling class was during the summer riots in 2011 when laws were qu ickly passed through parliament to give police powers to force individuals to remove headwear.This shows that it is the ruling class that have power and therefore laws are based on the ruling class see to its not considering the working class opinions. As well as this Marxists also implore that certain types of crime are likely to be dealt with more rigorously than others. For example street crimes such as assault and theft are more likely to be pursued by the police than white collar crimes such as fraud.The English government have only made almost attempts to deal with white collar crimes however the USA targets the offence more seriously. As well as this certain groups are more likely to be on the receiving end of law enforcement. For example in inner city areas the police patrol more therefore working class are more likely to get caught because working class are more likely to live in the city. David Gordon argues that the selective enforcement of the law benefits capitalism in three chief(prenominal) ways. By punishing the working class which protects the capitalist system which is responsible for the crime.As well as defining individuals as social failures directing the damn away from the system. And thirdly defining criminals as animals and sick for example, justifying putting them in prison. Keeping these individuals out of the public eye allows us to forget why the crime occurred needed to help us solve the problems. Traditional Marxists also explore the ideological nature of the law this function is valuable in allowing the ruling class to maintain their position of wealth. This process is what Althusser named the ideological state apparatus. This includes the school and the variety of forms of media, and it is through these that the ruling class is able to socialise individuals into accepting ruling class ideology.ISAs are responsible for promoting ruling class values of self interest and competition and as a result create a society in which ba sic values support the capitalist political and scotch system. Marxists also believe that crime and the law can perform an ideological function by essentially brain washing individuals. For example some laws may appear to benefit the working class for example the health and safety laws at work, but these, according to a Marxist FrankPearce are only there to benefit the capitalists by ensuring a fit and healthy work force. In addition to this by prosecuting a large proportion of the working class it makes it look like the capitalists are caring for its citizens, it also helps divide the working class so more blame each other for crime rather than capitalism.There are many positives and negatives of traditional Marxist theory in component us to understand crime and deviance. A large strength is that the theory successfully explains how crime cuts across all social class lines, as it shows evidence of all classes committing crimes. thereof it is a macro-theory and can be applied t o the whole of society making it generalisable. Another strength is that there is a lot of evidence to show the figurehead of law enforcement, for example it was illustrated through news showing law making over night during the summer riots. However weaknesses of the theory include the fact that the Marxism view underestimates the free will of a criminal by blaming the system, it is too deterministic by over predicting the amount of crime present especially in the working class. Not all those in poverty are committing crime and would never turn to committing crime.Marxism does not explore this factor efficiently. Another weakness is that it largely ignores the descent between crime and great non class based inequalities for example gender and ethnicity. Neo-Marxists who are considered new Marxists support some traditional Marxists views however some views convert and It is important to explore these different views in order to understand crime and deviance. Neo Marxists focus on ideology. So where by traditional Marxist Althusser believed in brain washing. A Neo-Marxist Antonio Gramsi came along and put forward the ideas that people do realise theyre being exploited. He presented us with the term relative impropriety of the state (self power and self control) and put forward the ideas that people do realise theyre being exploited.Another New-Marxist theorist Taylor et all challenged the Marxist theory by stating that workers are not driven to crime through economic necessity. They believe that this theory was too deterministic and doesnt question an individuals free will. They also go against the interactionist theory and state that young males do not commit crime because they have been labelled. As well as gainsay the sub cultural theory by arguing that young males do not commit crime because they are part of a subculture. Instead Taylor suggested his take in theory as to why people are lead to committing crimes. He states that people commit crime ofte n because they are angry at capitalism.They press out their anger through crime rather than politics. This suggests that individuals are committing crimes on the basis of being frustrated with the structure of society that they live in and express this foiling through committing crimes, maybe because they dont feel they will ever be heard through politics etc due to the ruling class having power? Taylor put forward the new criminology theory a fully social theory of deviance. This includes six main parts. Firstly, the wider origins of the abnormal crime. This is in the unequal distribution of wealth and power in capitalist society. A strength of this is that it doesnt look at a micro situation, it looks at the whole of society.Secondly, the immediate origins of the deviant crime, this is the item context in which the individual decides to commit the act. For example in the summer riots people looting due to the immediate origins being anger due to recession, cuts in public benef its of society being closed down for example youth clubs and libraries. Thirdly the act itself and its meaning for the individual e.g. rebellion against capitalism. Fourthly, the immediate origins of social reaction, so the reactions of those around the deviant, for example the police and the family and their reactions to discovering deviance. Next are the wider origins of social reaction in the structure of capitalist society, questioning who has the power to define actions as deviant?And lastly the effects of labelling on the deviants future actions, for example getting a job. A strength of the Neo-Marxism theory is that critical criminology has forced sociologists to look at the wider social, economic and political factors and it has offered a new approach to how crime is shaped by the individuals actions inwardly an unfair criminal justice system. However a weakness of the theory is that it is too general to explain crime and to idealistic to be useful in tackling crime. There are numerous similarities and differences between traditional Marxists and neo-Marxists which are useful in helping us to understand crime and deviance. Similarities include the fact they see capitalist society based on inequalities between the social classes and this is a key to understanding crime.They both agree that the state makes laws and enforce laws in the interests of the capitalist class which is important when considering how classes are represented within decisions of the law and how these decisions can have a different effect on both classes. And they both believe that to prevent crime capitalism should be replaced by a classless society.However differences between the theories are that neo-Marxists believe that criminals are not passive puppets whos behaviour is shaped by capitalism this is important in assessing how valuable the Marxist theory is as it puts forward the idea that although a criminogenic capitalist society does effect crime and deviance there are other factors as well. Another difference is that Neo-Marxists use interactionist ideas to see how the behaviour of the victim, offender, media and criminal justice system all interact to influence how the situation developed. so this too exploring other possibilities as to why the crime was commit.Overall the Marxist theory as whole is valuable in explaining why crime is committed as it looks at the problems in society as to why individuals within our society commit crime. It explores how the very nature of our society can cause these crimes by looking at all different perspectives for example through the criminal justice system, poverty, media and advertising etc. It also has explanations for both utilitarian and non utilitarian crimes and can be applied to the whole of society as it also explores white collar crime and not just crimes committed by the working class. therefrom the fact that it is a macro-theory makes it very useful as it is easily generalised. Overall the theory as a whole is very strong in helping our understanding as why crime exists.