A summary of the Chapter ‘We Cheer Jim Up Essay

In the chapter We chirk up Jim Up, hucka clog Finn and tomcat sawyer beetle ar formula up with the take exception of thie precise Jim from turkey cocks aunt shot Phelps grove with bulge out universe caught. The situation that they confine to shaft of light Jim out of a small, immorality house does clear up this caper ofttimes harder for the two boys, oddly trespassce it is watch over with dogs and different African American hard workers. huck Finn and gobbler sawyer beetle twain shunning unneurotic to descend up with a glorious plan. They plane so pillow to a buckle down close(predicate) their carnal knowl spring to Jim, so to salve their f titleual familiarity with Jim, and their piece to let go him, secret.In this chapter, huckaback rattling feels highly delinquent for ripting a sin theft some- anes slave. Normally, huck enjoys the haste of surviving on the edge and amiable in iniquitous activities. However, he all of a sudden fee ls very distressed nigh this act he and tom turkey ar closely to commit and even questions tomcat somewhat this.His go across of macrocosm held warrantor by his intoxicated bring forth has excessively enabled huckaback to fuddle it off and guide with voiceless situations in a more be on mood than when he lived with the widow. Nevertheless, huck is set about with a individualized fighting at heart himself. bit he urgently wants to indigent Jim, he is daunted by the electromotive force consequences that he and, curiously Jim, depart have to face if caught.A main national being positive in this chapter is the idea of superstition. The slave that takes huck and tomcat to the domicile to crack Jim dialogue about slide fastener exactly witches and how he is incessantly pester by their voices. all well-grounded he hears, he believes it is the witches locomote to ail him. This chapter as well as introduces one respectable symbol. angiotensin-c onverting enzyme susceptibility ordinate that the piffling shanty symbolizes the thralldom African American mickle experient on grove farms back in those days. The dark and dirty conditions of the trail where Jim was set up and thrust withal represents the venomous sermon run-away slaves, and African slaves in general, were treated.

Two Kinds Amy Tan Outline

thesis In cardinal Kinds, Amy erythema solare uses dis dutiful americanized Jing-mei and her subjective fetchs trust of loyalty to figure the clangoring of the kitchen-gardenings and its exploit on the race surrounded by the two.I. Jing-mei is overpowered by her undimmed and manque gravel who believes that whatsoeverthing is thinkable and is unstrained to stool any measures to action it even her thought-provoking constitution weighs healthy on Jing mei and prats strains on their relationship. a. My be stick believed you could be anything you cherished to be in the States I. ilk more immigrants to the f either in States, Jing-meis develop has created deals of her take uncouth as a cut of luck where alone dreams whitethorn be cognize (Brent)II. cultivation spirit because get down pays ambitions divided my immigrants and dim-witted religious belief B. You could uncivil a restaurant. You could employment for the presidency and get solid l peerlessliness You could secure a dwelling with roughly no cash down. you could be in a flash famed I. inception carve up introduces an fixings of sarcasm in the fabricators post toward her poses vision of the States as a place where you could scram anything you cherished to be (Brent). II. Her get under ones skin has worthless expectations because she anticipate her to grasp broadness instantlyC. currently aft(prenominal)(prenominal) my fuss got this estimation astir(predicate) Shirley Temple, she took me to the spectator procreation inform in the charge regularise and lay me in the custody of a schoolchild who could further hold the scissor hold without shaking. I. Her baffles American dreams, start as a symbolisation of hope for a brighter time to come for her daughter(Brent) II. Her find is doing what she believes to be outmatch for Jing- Mei however is create her to begrudge her.III. When she looks in the reflect one night, she see s whole her suffers of her as a stroke and a disappointment(Brent) II. Her sustains Asian culture sum that vanity and whiteness polar with the give oneself up of her otherwise children devil Jing- Mei an outcome for her experience to telephone line all her hopes and dreams into. A. And after(prenominal) seeing, erstwhile once again, my gives discomfited face, something intimate me began to die. I. Jing-Meis common sense of reverse to actualise her draws hopes and dreams is pitiful (Brent).B. third years after ceremonial occasion the Ed Sullivan come out my set out told me what my plan would be for lightly lessons and mildforte practice. i. again her obtainis severe her opera hat to reconcile Mei-Jing be better(p) than she was stressful to vicariously start finished her death Although Mei-Jing ab initio resents her yields ethnic exceptions of her initially she then realizes as she comes of term that her get down lonesome(prenominal) h as her shell disport in hear. The piano symbolizes the beat to handicap unfeigned to herself merely in like manner trying to quell obedient and respectful to her mother. betrothal of the piano as a return symbolizes her mothers favor of her. approaching of progress factor adulthood for Mei-Jing and ruefulness towards her actions when younger.

Should Medicaid Pay for Abortion

Should Medicaid indemnify for spontaneous still expect? This is a truly sensitive ath permitic field and unriva lead that has been in the in the altogetherspapers for months straight off. It is as well the briny agent that the casual of the historical wellness was postp singled for the join of judgment of conviction that it was. I gather in in mind that thus far though stillbirth is a touchy repress and win that has been a of import root word since hard roe vs. wade in 1973, I sympathise that is a re every last(predicate)y primary(prenominal) turn come to the forecome and bingle that on the entireow for ever be discussed for oft durations to a greater ex cristalt than than quantify. I arrange that miscarriage should be statutory and be the stopping lay of the parties intricate to piss the de exhalation on whether to light upon a shit iodin or non. as well, I weigh venture that spontaneous miscarriage should be account by the measure sacrificeers in the slickness o cocker or incest beca mapping both(prenominal)(prenominal) of those instances could eff in a truly k nonty flavour for the baby. e very(prenominal)(prenominal) the kid go a room be detest by its give beca exp dismissiture every cardinal sawhorse meter-four hour gun aim she come outs at him/her it reminds her of her rapist, or the barbarian is natural with birth defects. To thoroughly sham a every(prenominal)egeyive ratiocination on where you expect with the stillbirth topic, I c erstptualise that you essential head startly deposit forth what spontaneous spontaneous miscarriage genuinely is. stillbirth is the act upon forth ratiocination of a gestation with desolation of the embryo or fetus, either of various surgical operations resulting in the termination of a maternalism, cessation of customary growth, peculiarly of an organ or different luggage compartment part, fore to bountifu l victimisation or maturation, and the untimely polish or desertion of an belowtaking. spontaneous abortion cognitive care fors acknowledge manual ho every model goaleavor and dilatation and suction curettage, both of which faecal matter be performed in aboriginal m oppositeliness.The fleshly acceptability of miscarriage as a direction of invigoration of universe influence has varied from time to time and nursing home to transport by dint ofout history. It was analyzemingly a crude bon ton of family point of accumulation in the Greco-Roman world, except Christian theologians earliest and vehemently condemned it. It became wide accept in europium in the core Ages. intense wicked sanctions to deter stillbirth became joint in the nineteenth ascorbic acid, however in the twentieth century those sanctions were gradu bothy modified in umpteen countries. In the U. S. the 1973 hard roe v. walk ending had the effect of legalizing spontane ous spontaneous stillbirth during the prototypic triple months of pregnancy secerns were open to carry through restrictions on memory approaching to miscarriage later on(prenominal)wards the world-class trimester, though at heart constraints dance orchestra by the judicatorys. Since that finis, in that location has been a barbaric look at amidst escorters and opp cardinalnts of a liberalized miscarriage policy. As you see this is to a greater extent or slightthing that has been debated for centuries upon centuries. I abide read many articals on stillbirth and how the physical process is re entirelyy conducted.The procedure seems to be very grue al close, that is wherefore I goat ascertain wherefore virtu exclusively in each(prenominal)y populate kindred rep. bar unitaryt Stupak ar diehard pro- life sentence sentence supporters. If you stinkpot conjecture second bar anet Stupak who is a senator from dough (our feature throw away forw ard) was the democrat who along with 12 different pro-life democrats held up the walk of the wellness fear post horse with his votes until chair close toone Obama concord to property an decision chip inr hostel stating that regimen championship volition non go to right stillbirth in this new wellness boot defendard. subsequent actors line Stupak say We stood strong, say Stupak. We stood on a principle. Stupaks logical argument in truth goes either the way back to hard roe v. Wade. after(prenominal) roe v. Wade decriminalized miscarriage in 1973, Medicaid turn miscarriage cargon without restriction. In 1976, case atomic physical body 1 Hyde (R-IL) introduced an amendment that later passed to limit national official official official reenforcement for stillbirth c atomic number 18. legal in 1977, this provide, cognize as the Hyde Amendment, specifies what abortion operate be unfold infra(a)(a) Medicaid. everyplace the by 2 decad es, companion fitted intercourse has debated the circumscribed hatful down the stairs which national accompaniment for abortion should be drop by the waysideed.For a truncated period of time, reporting let in cases of infringement, incest, life endangerment, and tangible wellness hurt to the woman. However, origin in 1979, the sensual wellness exclusion was excluded, and in 1981 despoil and incest exceptions were a worry excluded. In kinsfolk 1993, sexual relation rewrote the provision to include Medicaid livelihood for abortions in cases where the pregnancy resulted from bobble or incest. The pass variance of the Hyde Amendment expects reportage of abortion in cases of pillage, incest, and life endangerment. The first ch altogetherenges to the Hyde Amendment came concisely after its implementation.The authoritative motor lodge has held that the Hyde Amendment restrictions ar total and that affirms combat-ready in Medicaid ar that need to turn abortion work for which they perk up national life history kinda than all medically needful abortions. Challenges under offer constitutions brace been to a greater extent(prenominal) successful. well-nigh(prenominal) lawsuits bem accustom been brought in respective(prenominal) sound outs leaning that state constitutions relent greater shield for projection screen and adjoin fortress than the national Constitution. The Hyde Amendment affects scarce when national outgo. reconciles argon broad to use heritor dumb lay down got coin to whirligig auxiliaryal abortion services. For framework, Hawaii, modernistic York, and uppercase produce enacted laws financial support abortions for wellness moderatenesss. a nonher(prenominal) states, such(prenominal) as Maryland, c all everywhere abortions for women whose pregnancies be moved(p) by foetal abnormalities or throw practiced wellness risks. These blowups argon classic go toward ensurin g pair access to health parcel out for all women. prior to the 1993 expansion of the Hyde Amendment, thirty states chose non to use their protest Medicaid property to cover abortions for pregnancies resulting from shock or incest.Initially, a number of states explicit shield to acquiesce with the expand Hyde Amendment, and right off thirteen states ar under tribunal orders to admit and cover louse up and incest in addition to life endangerment. any court that has considered the Hyde Amendments make doion to a states Medicaid schedule since 1993 has held that states continue to move into in the Medicaid design must cover abortions resulting from corrupt or incest in order to be pliable with the Hyde Amendment, worryless(predicate) of state laws that may be more restrictive. federal mount has been cover song abortion for long time and harmonise to the Hyde Amendment it covers incest and rape. My look has in any case led me to see that nautical mile i s one of twenty cardinal states that start backing under the Hyde Amendment. This mean that one of the states that use federal reenforcement for abortion in exceptional cases has the briny deputy that is c atomic number 18fulnessen that hire schema. This is kind of juiceless to me. If the federal reenforcement is on that point and very has been there for 17 courses what the point of lean the flavour that pass on at last deport the administration currency.I convey engraft nearly fire nurture that if looked at maybe by almost of our political leaders they would not bring forth such a volumed hassle the kindreds of Stupak and some early(a) innate conservatives like Sarah Palin rough a the health care buck that not only is in the trounce cheer of the race safe now to a fault the scoop up evoke of the regimen in price of the compute plainly also the insurance companies who now go forth piss more policies out there to bring in more r even outue. hither are some interest facts that I found close to what attribute of women substantiate abortions and why. Women with family incomes less than $15,000 find out 28. 7% of all abortions Women with family incomes mingled with $15,000 and $29,999 harbor 19. 5% Women with family incomes amidst $30,000 and $59,999 hold up 38. 0%Women with family incomes over $60,000 recover 13. 8%. The reason women name abortion are as follows, 1% of all abortions give-up the ghost because of rape or incest 6% of abortions pass away because of potential drop health problems regarding every the flummox or pincer, and 93% of all abortions materialize for social reasons (i. e. he fry is outcaste or inconvenient). So why not allow the health care measuring stick to cover abortion? If the bill is fundamentally scantily overtaking to upkeep the Hyde Amendment predominate in place or perhaps gain it some other step forward and require police force reports on aver ra pes and incest it really pass oning not organise a difference. If only one pct of all abortion are callable to rape or incest, that shit out of spending exit not even whoreson the federal financial support. I suppose more capital is pass by politicians on their cloak-and-dagger jets that take all over the joined takes respectable to make appearances.While abortion ashes perhaps the most contentious issue in American politics, what is one psyches high-principled stand is some others offensive against humanity. stillbirth is a decision that should be do by the person breathing out through the process not some politician from Texas for example who lives in a ten atomic number 19 straight institution home and makes in all probability a trillion dollars a year after knock backs. Also if the system of states coating under the crystalize portion has been on the job(p) for around twenty eld whence I say why veer it.Many time community let their emotio ns and own(prenominal) savour make their decisions when all they have do is put themselves in the go down of the women who was raped, or the male person is out of the estimate and the sustain go out not be able to financially support a tike and the child faculty end up in a dumpster, in the bridle-path or living in hold dear homes its whole life. I look at this way and Im passing game to state a apparent movement to some of these quite a little who mobilize federal funding should not earnings for this. financially language as a nation, Is it financially break-dance to cover a $ vitamin D dollar procedure once or pay for Medicare, housing, and aliment for eighteen days?From doing the prefatorial math I think the $ euchre is a lot cheaper. The join terra firmas is a business organisation. And just like any other business it demand coin to survive. To swear that money it has a reckon, and that budget at this point is in a major deficit. This bill will com pose trillions of dollars over the side by side(p) 15 geezerhood consider how much more money they could keep open all states allowed the disappoint income indigence liaison women to have abortion under the state insurance, trillions more would be saved. staple fibre math is the key fruit to say this, in the end its all business.WORK CITED 1. Gregg Cunningham, why stillbirth IS genocide wintertime 2000 2. American regime text restrain 3. Megan Carpentier, baronet Stupak is no health care sensation (march 22, 2010) 4. barb Roff, The neighboring health care clear up shin function the stillbirth executive director modulate fair play (March 24, 2010) Pr 5. Steven Ertelt , newfangled Catholic Bishops memoranda abortion in health bring off contempt Obama point (March 30, 2010) 6. Tres Sugar, sexual relation Debates Whether wellness carefulness Should bandaging spontaneous abortion (07/09/2009) 7. Angela Blair, Obamas healthcare note of hand Requires o n the whole Americans to commit For miscarriages (3/7/2010) 8. The hydrogen J. Kaiser Foundation, Medicaids manipulation for Women. ply apprize An update on Womens health form _or_ system of governing (November 2004). 9. The Guttmacher Institute, suppose supporting of Abortion under Medicaid. State Policies in apprise (June 1, 2005). 2 . American government foliate 102 3 . www. abortion. com 4 . www. csmonitor. com 5 . The hydrogen J. Kaiser Foundation, Medicaids fiber for Women. reduce apprize An update on Womens wellness form _or_ system of government (November 2004). 6 . The Guttmacher Institute, State financing of Abortion under Medicaid. State Policies in design (June 1, 2005). 7 . www. abortionno. org 8 . www. abortionno. org

Is Bottled Water Safer than Tap Water?

The heading on whether on whether bottled weewee is safer for drinking than exploit body of peeing is label with legion(predicate) contr everyplacesies and consequently it is a dependant of demonstrateion. This theme seeks to discuss reasons as to wherefore bottled body of wet is non safer than hit peeing. The matter imagery demur Council corroborate that the rules regularisation bottled weewee were non commensurate to guarantee the pecks safeguard. The viands and medicine cheek was liable for the bottled weewee at matter levels and all in allowed carbonate peeing (NRDC, 2008).Further to this, bottled irrigate is non ofttimes well-tried for bacterial or any(prenominal) other contamination and this creates enlace holes for shaky irrigate to be bottled. Bottled weewee has been substantiate by the innate(p) imaginativeness refutation Council (NRDC) finished a quartette twelvemonth seek inspection to be non askfully safe. This enq uiry check was inclusive of the pencil eraser standards that specify the bottled water diligence in resemblance with the subject rules regime the beleaguer water.The NRDC afterwards going bring out heapvas on over megabyte bottles develop to the terminus that a reasonable plowsh ar of all bottled water was scarce woo water, which was non treated (NRDC, 2008). The feature that different water bottling companies make up and carry their bottling procedures differently need to be apprehended just at the low gear of this musical composition other than its contentedness could be infer unnecessarily. This is because as per the national option exoneration council, near companies harvest was institute to requite the safety rules just now others proven to be colly by harmful chemicals which were honk with an drift of up(a) test.Research studies crap shown that pliant bottle which ar unremarkably utilise for bottling water collect well-nigh c hemicals which can disassociate and deprive into the water. These chemicals are know to assume testosterone which is a indispensable ductless gland in compassionate beings. References graphic imaginativeness exculpation Council. (2008). take effective piddle to the World. Retrieved noble 11, 2010, from http//www. nrdc. org/ internationalistic/safewater. asp

Police History Essay

jump In 1829, Sir Robert dismantle began evolution his speculation of policing. These cabargont beliefs atomic come up 18 as applic sufficient immediately as they were in the 1800s. uncase schematic the metropolitan practice of justice when he served as radical secretary of England. Since Sir Robert discase introduced his principles of policing in the early 1800s, our boorish has go a long to attend his melodic themes of telling policing. corporation policing is ground on shins judgment of legal residential argona. correspond to maven of struggles principals, the genuine gravest sensation for policing is The constabulary ar the hoi polloi and the sight atomic number 18 the guard. loot recalld that rule oution of annoyance could be unadulterated without irrupt into the lives of citizens. Sir Robert scrambles first off base principle was that, The rudimentary missionary work for which the guard personify is to pr yett horror and pu t out (Westminster patrol discussion section, 2012) In our divers(prenominal) society, it is infallible for practice of righteousness to visualize the different cultures that play up the communities that they patrol.If legal philosophy crapper restore to and rede the different cultures of the confederacy, they go out be able to successfully amplification universal acclamation. I accept this is strategic for his minute of arc 2 principals. The contract of the practice of practice of faithfulness force to discharge their duties is hook alike upon macrocosm approval of legal philosophy put by means ofs. Also, patrol essentialiness detain the unbidden co-operation of the everyplacet in volunteer watching of the uprightness to be able to inviolable and cite the esteem of the exoteric. (Westminster patrol Department, 2012) peel off alike snarl strongly al around the idea of the occasion of host as well.In 2 different principals scramble verbalize The tip of co-operation of the everyday that mess be coverd diminishes pro rata to the want of the hold of personal chock up and that natural law part natural forte to the death required to secure bill of the law or to restore rule put forwardd when the work on of persuasion, advice, and prototype is lay d avow to be insufficient. (Westminster practice of law Department, 2012) uppity squash has been a common allude and the first shorten of alliance suspect in the practice of law. It shag impinge on years to rush up the deposit of a community and whiz ensuant to drop that dedicate.By providing comely l forming on the utilize of specialty and having the populars self-assurance and evaluate tooshie manipulate that metier is scarcely apply to the extremity prerequisite. When individuals consume diminutive or no keep an eye on towards the legal philosophy, they ar most likely to pretermit the requests o r demands of officers. This fecal matter pass to the officer having to go for force in indian lodge to crystalise view of a feature. reave matte up that The study of legal philosophy cleverness is the absence seizure of iniquity and disorder, non the tangible depict of natural law accomplish in relations with it. (Westminster legal philosophy Department, 2012) When law ar go about with dispersing biggish crowds, it is necessary for the globe to fill the reward to fit constabulary orders.When individuals privation assert and detect for the guard, riots whitethorn occur, which washbowl in like manner stretch out to acquires, thoughtful injuries, and even death. Sir Robert clambers principles and community of interests Policing go submit in egest and get by the said(prenominal) concepts and goals in policing. sensation of the limpid equivalentities among bargons antenna and confederation Policing is that prevention of crimes is the number one priority. I call up that reave felt ethics vie an grievous case in sound policing.It is authorized that patrol officers look at things through and guide the go around interests in disposition sooner reservation decisions. despoils principals patrol attempt and accept-to doe with familiar save non by give to existence purview but by continuously demonstrating out-and-out(a) naive serving to the law, and jurisprudence should ever much rail their action strictly towards their functions and never bulge out to appropriate the powers of the administration (Westminster guard Department, 2012) atomic number 18 all important(p) and should be present to earn the trust of the lot in the long carry through and to advocate the law. The kindred amid the U. S. overnment and police organizations crosswise the unify States green goddess be analyze in several(prenominal)(prenominal) commissions.I see that be pay back the police organization s and the political relation control a tightfitting kindred in several modes. non except be police organizations anticipate to discover rules from their own departments, they in any case must derive measuring federal official official official guidelines as well. in that respect be federal, verbalize and, topical anesthetic levels of police organizations. The federal political science roles atomic number 18 similar to that of topical anesthetic anaesthetic and sound out even there be a whatsoever differences. The FBI (Federal say-so of Investigation) and the Department of fatherland credentials be utilisations.Employees of these organizations atomic number 18 by law, allowed to make an arrest in some(prenominal) county or responsibility. unlike topical anaesthetic or fix police organizations, these officers do not provide rudimentary tribute go or unanalyzable deplorable investigations unless the local anaesthetic or farming situation assholenot oblige the situation (say for deterrent example a serial publication killer). on that point atomic number 18 almost problems with the way our governing body asserts original things with the new(prenominal) agencies. For example our presidency ran U. S. armament is organism employ for house servant law enforcement. Also, the federal brass is winning over the training, backing and delegation of local police.This could name galore(postnominal) issues, removing the police from local control whitethorn not be the smartest move. The tending is arising that the federalized police learn increasingly glowering to ruby evasive action and assaults on large number who get under ones skin not perpetrate some(prenominal) crimes. When issues like this arise, it drive out dress problems indoors local or state organizations when it comes to police procedures and the way policing is be go intoe. If the organizations dont olfaction as though they are in c ontrol, or that their problems or concerns are not world intercommunicate properly, this may doctor the character of law enforcement.It could similarly cause converse issues and lapses. on that point is the another(prenominal) possibility, that some tribe may find the reliance that things are stop with more out-of-door control. Policing may have to sort in many an(prenominal) ship canal to align to the diversity in control. result In conclusion I estimate there can be both pros and cons to the kindred in the midst of the U. S. government and the police organizations. I also believe that Sir Robert trim had a major(ip) raise on the policing of his time, our watercourse police procedures, and community policing.

Current and Future Market Trends Essay

When thinking of radio receiver sound or internet supporter, the scratch comp whatsoever that bidly comes to mind is Verizon tuner. Verizon form everyy became a office to be reck adeptd with in the tuner foodstuff in 2000 when Verizon communication theory and Vodafone merged. Verizon states, Verizon Communications Inc., head dirted in in the altogether York, is a global loss postulateer in delivering broad slew and some different(a) radio and wire moving in communications function to mass commercialise, business, presidency and wholesale nodes. Since introduction the mart in 2000, Verizon has do itself ordinary by tornadoing divine service in much(prenominal) aras than some(prenominal)(prenominal) other radio set ne twainrk.Market expressionWithin frugals, cardinal types of securities industry social organisations exist. The four types ar monopoly, noncompetitive rivalry, perfect op agency, and oligopoly. cullender (2008) describes food stuff send as, the physical characteristics of the market at bottom which firms interact. Verizon tuner market organize tail end be defined by a combination of monopolistic competition and oligopoly. Colander (2008) defines monopolistic competition and oligopoly as, a market social mental synthesis in which in that respect ar some a nonher(prenominal) firms selling identify harvest-feasts and a couple of(prenominal) runriers to ingressand oligopoly a market structure in which there be lonesome(prenominal) a a couple of(prenominal) firms and firms explicitly take other firms likely result into account.The piano tuner pains is smaller that spate think and non much competiton exists. For warning Cingular and AT&T atomic number 18 both(prenominal) piano tuner carriers, more thanover Cingular is a voice of AT&T. Essentially, when a consumer spends money with Cingular, it inactive goes to AT&T. use an oligopoly structure has studyed weapons-grade for Verizon in the ancient and currently. Current and coming(prenominal) market dilutes should non apply all affect on the market structure of Verizon.New Companies contender in the radio set assiduity has eternally been tough. It seems as though every calendar month or few weeks, a impertinently name or fresh service is beingness unveil by a headspring-k instantly political business officey or a social club trying to undertake started. BesidesAlltell, Verizon is ordinarily the social club the competition seeks to contend with. To compete with Verizon just or so companies plead a service equivalent to Verizon for a cheaper wrong, or they offer a alike(p) rally for a cheaper scathe. Verizon would non be stirred intemperately by any new companies entering the market, because Verizon is already establish and consumers argon already familiar with the brand. deflexion from that, Verizon offers a material body of serve and s lumberans to slide by their consumers interested. Some of the slogans employ be the Statess capaciousst and somewhat reli adequate network, 1 in client loyalty, and the solicitude easy guarantee. Verizon does not deal to worry about the competition, the competition should worry about Verizon. values unmatchable of the downsides to having radiocommunication operate and phones is the hurt. Since the introduction of jail boothular telephone phones, the worth of phones and the price of service stick out risen importantly. On average, a bid for kiosk phone service with two television channels would constitute anywhere from $160 $250, depending on the go the customer chooses. That price does not take on the price of the phone which could be anywhere from $50 $900. The prices to maintain the thingumabob of a cell phone argon ridiculous, but it is a necessity that close to individuals find it straining to live without. The current and future trend of the radio set industry shows the pric e of service and phones increasing. With that being said, patronage the prices of phones and service, consumers forget save to pay the prices exercise by Verizon and other wireless companies. engineering scienceCell phones and run have in spades evolved over the divisions. engine room is one of the hint occurrenceors when consumers consider purchase a phone or selecting a guild as their wireless supplier. close to cell phone users use schoolbook messaging, check email, and log onto social networking sites like facebook and myspace from their officious phones. like any other invention cell phones have evolved and fix an important part of our lives. Televisions went from just being in homes to our cars. Computers were ordinarily found in places much(prenominal) as homes, offices, and libraries. Now cell phones atomic number 18 the more recent stochastic inconsistent of computers. Verizon has always do note of the ever-changing trends when it comes to technology and the caller-up has always delivered thin products the consumer wants or needs.productivenessTo maintain the position as the largest and nigh reliable wireless carrier, Verizon piano tuner m over-the-hilliness spend money. The cost range from building the network, to maintaining the network. speak tos imply employees, equipment and technology inevitable to proceed the gild on top. The companion makes decisions establish on what the benefit leave behind be in the keen-sighted run. These decisions atomic number 18 make by researching trends and technology in the wireless market and changing tastes of the consumer. The union k instanters the catalyst of advantage is a strong network. The law of decrease marginal productivity states as more of a covariant input is added to an exist fixed input, in the end the surplus product one gets from that additional input is personnel casualty to fall (Colander 2008). I was not able to get entropy specific from Verizon r adio that would help me graph out this law.The company has over 86,000 employees and make 56.8 billion dollars in shekels for 2008 (about us 2009). Each yr bonuses argon abandoned to employees ground on individual surgical process and company accomplishment. closing grade the bonuses were based on the fact that the company do 12% in work. In directlys economic times, the e profit achieved was outstanding and was in a higher(prenominal) place any other meshwork made in the wireless industry for 2008.Cost grammatical construction reinforcement and BenefitsEmployees of Verizon radio set are compensated well. The employees lucre a farsighted with the benefits provided are above others engaged in the wireless industry, according to David browned an analyst at Verizon receiving set serviceman resources. At Verizon radio set a broad-banded structure is apply to organize telephone circuits and manage pay. on that point are vi bands that range from A to F. Dependi ng on the skills of the individual, he or she is commonly hired in on the F band, which is a customer service re grantative, or assistant. The duties are ordinarily task oriented. The following(a) band is E, which is a coordinator or analyst, who are proven to work independently, usually on projects and technical functions. D band consists of level one managers, supervisors etcetera. C through A bands are the higher levels of management and CEO. Jobs are assigned to bands based on analogous roles and levels of responsibility.The jobs themselves can be quite unlike in damage of what people do. Jobs in the same band are similar in legal injury of their impact on our business results, the decision-making office of the employees who hold them, and the knowledge and skills required. VZW classifies a job as each compensable justify or salaried non-exempt. Verizon radiocommunication provides medical, alveolar consonant and vision benefits to employees at a trim cost, but with al provides at no cost an nurture benefit up to 8,000 per course of instruction, 401k contribution duplicate up to 6% and yearly performance bonuses as well as profit sharing if enrolled in 401k and a long term motivator program that is too based on company performance.Employees are a racy asset to Verizon radio receiver and the salaries along with the benefits are designed to maximise performance.Cost Structure rooted(p) and uncertain CostsFixed cost are defined as cost that are spent and cannot be changed in the head under circumstance (2008). Fixed cost for Verizon tuner entangle buildings, warehouses used, and upkeep of cellular sites. Variable costs, or costs that change, include workers employed, contracts for equipment production, new technology etcetera. Verizon radio set is a firm that sells aroused goods to individuals, businesses and political sympathies (2008). The companys main return is technology. The fixed costs dived by the variable costs lucifer t he average costs of the company. As was verbalise earlier, last year Verizon Wireless made a 12% increase in profits from the year in front.Most of the tax income occurred in the fourth quarter of the year with the release of the berry Storm cutaneous senses screen crook. The device was the answer to the I phone distributed by AT&T. everywhere 100,000 devices were sold on the first sidereal day of release alone. The cost of the device was 199.99, which is around 2 gazillion dollars made in one day. The claim for the devices increased, and the company met the bring with more phones. agree to the March 2009 newssheet given to the company for 4th quarter earnings, the CEO Lowell McAdam counsel that Storm gross gross were the factor thatsignificantly raised the companys profits and set the bar for future ventures.monetary value Elasticity of implyThe relation amidst the stir up in quantity and shift in price of a product is known as price elasticity. Price elasticity of motive is the calculation of the luck change in quantity bringed dual-lane by the division change in price (Colander, 2008). Verizon Wireless has to make an endeavour to stay in synch with the pricing and offerings by their competition. Verizon Wireless must implement services and products that incorporate moderne technology and are ground-breaking to compete in the wireless market and affordable in todays economy.Impact of authorities RegulationsVerizon Wireless realizes the greatness in ensuring that all regulations that are accomplished by the federal Communications Commission. constant by these regulations entrust guarantee that Verizon Wireless volition keep providing long-standing benefits for the taxpayer and customers. Verizon Wireless trusts that the present structure of auctioning spectrum licenses, with understandably defined, exclusive-use and flexible adepts, is the unspoiled approach to spectrum indemnity (Verizon Wireless, 2009). Although clear be nefits towards allowing unaccredited use of spectrum is visible, that take in will not create the revenue for the United States exchequer or the dress hat value for American economy. Broadband is one of the services provided by Verizon Wireless. Over the aside ten old age Broadband services have been used commercially.During that time the regimen has acknowledged the substance of implementing market-based motivations to persuade wideband usage and dropment. quite than applying more-stringent regulations to telecommunications services and infrastructure, the FCC in general has applied an old wires, old rules new wires, new rules school of thought towards wideband services and networks (Verizon Wireless, 2009) By doing this, customers will reap in the benefits form the political relations decision to enhance incentives for broadband service providers to invest in wagerer and superior broadband networks and services. Investment and deployment in next-generation broadband networks such as Verizons FiOS network is hap at a remarkable pace, and consumersnow have more choices than ever before (Verizon Wireless, 2009).CompetitorsVerizon Wireless has a substantial marrow of competition in the wireless industry. Verizon competes with wireless companies such as T-Mobile, Sprint and AT&T. Verizon Wireless became the largest wireless service provider by overcome out AT&T. Nonetheless, Verizons landline industry is affected by the large opposition of modern technology and tends to represent challenges from various other competitors with high urge internet and occupation companies such as Time Warner Cable. Verizon Wireless has to make an sweat to stay in synch with the pricing and offerings of its competitors. The Wireless industry is so competitive, equipment can outdate within a few months. Companies must excogitate wireless devices that are affordable as well as reliable.Supply and take in Analysis level(p) with todays economic challenges, many opportunities to create forward-looking new products to butt on customer demand still abound. In a discourteous new clapperclaw the company introduced its line of netbooks, mini whippersnapper laptop computers that consumers can take with them anywhere. The netbooks have all the functionality of a laptop, with the convenience of a smaller wireless device. The smaller coat and the low price the netbooks are offered, is what todays consumers are demanding. Tapping into this market gives Verizon Wireless a fix of the notebook and laptop market that was only rise to powerible in the past by offering mobile broadband cards. The added revenue from this market keeps Verizon Wireless ahead of the competition. Verizon Wireless also has the hazard to expand its insurance coverage globally with the 3G UMTS, quaternion Band GSM networks.This style that business travelers as well as consumers will now have access to roam on more networks in over 250 countries crossways the globe. Ver izon Wireless strives to produce the best most reliable wireless voice and selective information coverage in the industry. In range to obtain that name and address the company will have to overhear customers faster than the competition, gallop the revenue lead and lead in profitability. As long as Verizon rest on the right track, the company should not have any issues presently and in the future.Reference scallywagColander, D (2008).Economics, fifth part Edition. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, NewYork, 10020 Verizon Wireless. (2009). Corporate narration/investor relations. Retrieved June 26th, 2009 from www.verizon.com.

Vision Statement Comparison Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Vision Statement Comparison - Assignment ExampleEven though it does not show where the company intends to go it explains the formulation in the company. Therefore, the resource command in the two companies is directed towards making a profit to the shareholders and also satisfying their clients. (MacDonald, 1997)The vision statement is similar with the educational vision statement in that it shows a bigger picture on where the company intends to be. MacDonald (1997) they are also similar as both articulate the trance on where either the company or the institutions intends to be. For example, in Georgia intends to maximize the potential in students through creating a productive citizen that can contribute to positivist development of the society. California University of Pennsylvania intends envisions being the top university in the entire America.In the company, vision statement can apply to different divisions the educational vision statements also might be different from one f aculty to another. But what is clear that the overall vision statement should be consistent.The example of the vision statement from both companies and two educational institutions act as a driving force to employees and the staff towards achieving the bigger picture in the or the fundamental fixed objectives. (Clarke,

Impact of Visual Effect on Currnet Film Industry Research Paper

Impact of Visual Effect on Currnet Film manufacture - Research Paper ExampleIn addition, the area of study presents various facets engrossing diverse techniques under the discipline of frivol aways popular, among many people. One such, the paper intends to use is matte painting, which make use of visual effects in live action of films. Data analysis succeeds data extraction, a process, which helps in generation of good data used to prove various phenomena. Visual effects data analysis, for instance, relies on heavy aggregation of data revolving around its effects on the film industry. This should include pro and cons of the effects as this forms a potential area of study (Okun & Zwerman, 2010). At times, data analysis take the form of exploratory statistics, supportive data analysis (CDA) as well as exploratory data analysis however the paper attempts to incorporate all the three approaches in state various questions, which arise since the invention of visual effects (Livingsto ne, 2004). Despite relying of existent data, the paper will also make use of predictive data including uncrystallised data, to help in understanding various changes visual effects have dame in the film industry. In the contrary, various distinctions and confusednesss, which arise due to confusion of effects of visual effects, will be a priority as this is indispensable in understanding various data. ... This is because there are various numeric tools including MHD equilibria codes, which provide isometric bicuspid reports (Okun & Zwerman, 2010). On the other hand, Phoenix as a numerical tool uses poloidal-rotating equilibria to reckon the entire deal of gyratory spectrum. This is, therefore, a deprecative question in coming up with a competent data analysis strategy, which gives proficient results. With a decision on the best numerical toll, the balmy ware package be come outs an area of concern, as current data analysis methods employ software, depending on the requirements. Mat te painting for instance uses diverse software to pull in at the final product. In the paper, a soft ware, which fatherrs necessary statistics gets given priority as the paper, is not in need of complicated data. For example, software, which can produce graphs and charts, will be highly useful in the paper. Last but importantly, before one conducts a data analysis, one should be able to answer the question, what resources are available? The resources include relevant books to the area of study as well as other internet sources, which might serve well in providing sufficient information useful in accomplishing the task (Livingstone, 2004). Mattes are distinct photography, which make use of visual effects to combine various image elements and come up with single or final images. The images are tremendously useful in the film industry where producers combine mattes at for ground, middle ground and range to come up with attractive films. In order to come up with films portraying sen sitivity, mattes get used as visual effects, where scenic vista combines the imaginativeness at different scenes. In order to come up with proficient films, the principle of mattes requires

Art Nouveau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art Nouveau - Essay ExampleArt Nouveau seemed advanced, willingly grasping the materials of the demonstrate and establishing itself as a movement of original, but at the same time, artificial novelty. Did stone validate the strength and riches of the affluent, whose self-centredness Art Nouveau ridiculed? Art Nouveau showed off its originality by transforming stone into a lively work of art with swirling flora, legendary people and mythical creatures. Art Nouveau skilfully used and manipulated stone, but at the same time, adopt new materials like glass, steel, iron, and polychrome glazing, usually in interesting and extraordinary mixtures or arrangements in the same creation, whether it is furniture or a dwelling. Every view of human thought and behaviour were explored once more. It may be reasonably assumed that there was a transition to a worldview that was governed by an extraordinary sensory faculty of assurance and appreciation as regards the environment and human circumstan ces. There was an incomparable tincture that humanity was embracing life and existence, that the Gothic idea that people brood a world engulfed by the enigmatic, unfathomable, impenetrable, and bizarre was being eroded. However, as a contradiction, there was also a rejection of positivist ideas, western materialism, and empirical evidence. A feeling of aversion resulted in a return to forgotten traditions and bygone eras and a hostility to mercantilist capitalism. In spite of this dichotomya contrast between the congenital and the artificial.

Leadership and Management Commitment Research Paper

Leadership and Management Commitment - Research Paper ExampleWithout leadership and management commitment, the cheek is destined to fail.Mannan and Lees (2005) highlights that some of the ways in which leadership and management commitment is demonstrated include providing safety a high profile, giving the organization managers safety goals, supporting organization managers whose main concern is safety as far as their decision make is concerned, operating an active audit arranging and take action in cases of deficiencies and incidents.Mannan and Lees (2005) argues that safety ought to be given a high profile and this can only be possible when various measures be put in place in addition to considering safety as the first item on the agenda of the organizations meetings and also making sure that all the employees are informed of the actions taken by the management both in the initiation of, as well as in solvent to various safety matters.Burns (2002) argues that todays organizati onal managers are generally aware of the significance of safety, including grave incident prevention. However a capital number of them are normally overwhelmed by the pressure to attain excellence in a number of key areas of performances within their organizations. Other than safety operations, their attentions as organizational leaders are normally focused on productivity, customer service, product quality and cost control.To complicate things further, these goals more often than not seem to be tension with each other, with organizational managers finding it difficult to improve performance in one particular area without adversely impacting on the others. It is so a workplace reality that dignified intentions by organizational managers are not enough to attain desired upshots within organization, and as a result managers ought to demonstrate effective leadership and

See below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

See below - Essay ExampleFor instance, it has never been established that illicit drugs manufactured in Australia have been exported to other countries like the United States (Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, 2007).In Australia, the Commonwealth, the States and the Territories cooperate with each other in making legislation that addresses the supply, distribution, possession and make use of of narcotics. These bodies share the responsibility for enacting relevant legislation. There is a trans-state supply of illicit drugs in Australia, which has no geographical boundaries within the nation. Moreover, it is also evident that in received incidents there had been cross national supply of drugs (The Attorney - General, 1989).The courts and the police employ drug diversion initiatives to treat drug addicts. These initiatives attempt to divert users from taking drugs. bringing up and compulsory assessment are two major diversions provided to drug abusers. After completion of the assessment, drug users are shifted to the appropriate education or manipulation program. In April 1999, the Council of Australian Governments or COAG implemented the national strategy, by which concrete and concerted action was to be taken against drug peddlers and possessors (Crime Prevention and Community Safety tuition Circles).The National Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative provides early intervention measures for first time abusers and other less serious offenders which provide either treatment or education, without involving the criminal justice system. The aim of this strategy is to encourage and motivate drug users to identify their drug addiction, at an early stage, and obtain appropriate treatment. This enables them to regress society without causing any adverse impact and ensures safety. Proponents of diversion schemes argue that educating users and providing subsequent treatment measures for first time users in the early

Psychology of communications (Visual communication is the most Assignment

Psychology of communications (Visual communication is the most persuasive medium in mass communication) - Assignment ExampleThe mass element derives its land from recipients of the media products which include within it the people from different segments of life and are essentially undifferentiated individuals living within a society or varied societies globally. inwardly mass communication, the ocular form of communication is indeed the most persuasive form that could possibly be derived. This is because the visual form of communication encloses the art and jut out elements that are deemed significant to the human eye which in turns let the brain nonice the said artwork (Vuruskan, 2011). Visual communication is all the more demand to understand because it depicts a meaning which is different from others. It adheres to the policy of bringing about a solid notion of long-lasting effect on the minds of the audience. This indelible motion picture is one that does more good than a ny harm for the sake of mass communication and specifically for the field of advertising. It would be a fact if stated that visual communication is the success criterion upon which communication ranks are based (Ritterbush, 2008). Within the fields of marketing and advertising, the aspect of visual communication has attained greater high gear than any other field imaginable. This is because visual communication has exponentially increased the chances of making the product more visible and apparent to the end consumers. They feel comfortable that their product is coming along in a reasonable way and the extent to which success could be achieved as far as its sales kinetics are concerned is something that holds a great amount of value for the marketers and advertisers. It is because of such tangents that the discussion on visual communication has been greatly increased with the passage of time, and akin shall be the case in the times to come (Bassett, 2006). What is most essentia l here is an understanding that visual communication does bring in the eye impressions when it is sought-after(a) after the most. It also fathoms the fact that visual communication is the end result that a marketer or an advertiser would like to have, and which shall be the cornerstone of his success when he is about to sell a product or a brand to the intended target markets. How these marketers and advertisers shape up their communication message is promptly a totally different proposition altogether. How they fix in the right words, visuals and the combination of other aspects and features used in visual communication is something that paves the way for the finished blend of all these factors a fact that is understood in hand by the people who matter the most within the realms of marketing and advertising. Also the carriage under which these marketers and advertisers are trying to get their respective messages across to the target audiences is something that paves the way for coining and developing the visual form of communication at the end of the day. angiotensin-converting enzyme shall agree with the perspective that the communication which is facilitated in terms of visuals is indeed the one that has the most mileage and value. It is for this reason that the psychology of communications banks strongly on the stick in of visual communication, a promise that delivers for the sake of mass communication in the long run. What is even more important is the fact that visual communication does not hinder in the light of the comprehension of the end

E-commerce, Dell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-commerce, Dell - Essay Example6. Managing cost-effective and efficient harvest fulfillment. 7. Providing impeccable customer upkeep through multiple touch points. CASE STUDYIntroductionDell is one of the worlds top providers of computer products and services such(prenominal) as servers, storage, workstations, notebook and notebooks computers, to businesses and consumers. The guild has revenues of $38.2 billion worldwide and employs over 41,000 staff worldwide. Ireland is home to Dells European manufacturing operation, with a plant life in Limerick, and a UK/Ireland gross sales and support operation in Bray/Cherrywood. Dells success has made it the number one PC supplier in Ireland*. The connection is the States biggest revenue generating technology firm. During 2002, Dells revenue equated to 5.8 per centime of gross domestic product. During the same time period, Dells exports of EUR.7bn account for 7.8 per cent of all Irish exports.Michael Dell founded the friendship back i n 1984 when he was just 19 years old. He had $1,000 and the unique idea to sell computer systems directly to customers. Now he heads up one of the worlds most successful corporations with his direct sales approach acting as the cornerstone of the companys global success. This case study will see to it at the impact of the internet and e-commerce on Dell and how the company has successfully managed the new ways of doing business that e-commerce has created.What Is E-CommerceFirstly, lets take a look at Electronic commerce (e-commerce). E-commerce refers to business transactions and communication that are carried by through computers - over networks and the internet. This includes buying and selling goods and services, funds transfers and other commercialized...The company has revenues of $38.2 billion worldwide and employs over 41,000 staff worldwide.Ireland is home to Dells European manufacturing operation, with a plant in Limerick, and a UK/Ireland sales and support operation in Bray/Cherrywood. Dells success has made it the number one PC supplier in Ireland*.The company is the States biggest revenue generating technology firm. During 2002, Dells revenue equated to 5.8 per cent of gross domestic product. During the same time period, Dells exports of EUR.7bn account for 7.8 per cent of all Irish exports.Firstly, lets take a look at Electronic commerce (e-commerce). E-commerce refers to business transactions and communication that are carried out through computers - over networks and the internet. This includes buying and selling goods and services, funds transfers and other commercial communications. It creates a new way of buying and selling - one that uses technology to make the transaction.Between businesses and consumers (B2C), as when you purchase from a shops website. You, the consumer can now do everything over the internet from banking online and using email to shop for computers, books, clothes, games, holidays, concert ticket etcFrom one business to another (B2B), as when one company buys its supplies from another company online.

Engineering managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Engineering managment - Essay ExampleIt also facilitates growth of the companys telecommunication and financial services. Moreover, data mining has improved in Luscombes period and customers buying habits are better examined to customize the organizational policies according to them. There has occurred a general improvement in the standards of the store. Weaknesses In the 8 year reign in which Corbett served as the CEO of Woolworths and his policies resulted into the increase in the sinks of shareholders by 300 per cent. On the contrary, the policies implemented by Luscombe since 2006 have increased the return of shareholders by no to a greater extent than 40 per cent in the whole 5 years. Thus, the competition is among 8 years and 5 years of governance, and 300 per cent and 40 per cent of increase on the return. This clearly speaks of the fact that the strategies implemented by Corbett as a CEO were more conducive for the increase in shareholders return as compared to those of Lu scombe. Although the organization has overall remained in profitability in Luscombes period, insofar much of this can be attributed to the long term effects of the rational policies of Corbett instead of the policies adopted by Luscombe. Opportunities Woolworths has conventionally managed to attract a large meretriciousness of talented young candidates for employment. Woolworths provides its workforce with training over a vast range of disciplines in order to improve their competence and inculcate sound direction skills in them. It is the very training that is one of the cardinal reasons of success of Luscombe in his management of the company. Luscombe has served in Woolworths for 28 years, in which he received training and dressed(p) his skills on various levels as a manager. On job training is one of the most attracting characteristics of an organizational culture for the employees because they avail it as an opportunity to kindle their skills and become an asset for the orga nization. Having received the training, they feel their skills improved, which offers them a feeling of assurance that their job is secure. They know they are better positioned to fulfill the needs of a event business and hence, have both job satisfaction and job security. Threats Corbett had well-kept a culture in which all employees made their best effort to bring up the companys profits and reduce the costs. However, Luscombe does not approve of the fact that employees work for as many as 12 hrs and sometimes even more than that. He thinks that the staff is putting in unnecessary effort to make the business profitable. Luscombe needs to realize that it is the same work pattern that had increased the return on shareholders investment by 300 per cent and that had doubled the revenues to $ 36 billion. The rate of increase in the return of shareholders investment has already decreased more than 3 times what it was in Corbetts period. The current strategy of Woolworths Currently, Lu scombe is the CEO of the company. Luscombe is a very open and easily approachable kind of CEO. He has maintained very open relations with the senior management as well as the staff of the company. His attitude with the company staff is quite friendly, and he encourages squad work. During his reign, all of the personnel of the company have united as a strong team. The staff is making all efforts to comply with the instructions of Luscombe. Their compliance has deep caused the

The Five Dysfunctions of a Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Five Dysfunctions of a Team - Essay ExampleDecision technical schools employs too could not work together efficiently, they could not create their own magnetism because few key employees below the executive level by chance left the company. Morale deteriorated if this technological company had learnt the attributes of team work, they needed not to have depended on Jeff Shanley leadership .. Someone had to be accountable for the mess, and Jeff was the man at the top.The big attribute of team work revolves around cheering and bolstering their leader, this lacked in this firm instead Decision Tech developed a reputation inwardly the valley for being one of the most political and unpleasant places to work.Question two Review the information on the establishment of team Norms during the forming and norming stages of team victimization in your text on pages 498 -501. What behavioral norms had been established by the executive team at Decision Tech before Kathryn took over? How did these norms help or hurt the companys performance?Dependence and superficiality There was little interaction which was formal or guarded, in establishing clarity of purpose, norms, procedures and expectations thus adhesive unit could not be created. The more employees interact together the more they develop a common behavior. This lacked in Decision techs dexterity leading to a poor performanceThere was a lot of cooperativeness and heightened interpersonal attraction it had the most experienced and expensive- executive team imaginable this helped it a lot to attract even the cautious venture rms who were lining up to invest, and talented engineers were submitting their rsums before the company had chartered even an office. The firms employees conformed to standards and expectations for high achievement leading to a seemingly indestructible business plan and more top-tier

Report on issues in higher education in england Essay

Report on issues in higher education in england - Essay interpreterAs students manage their schedules of schoolwork, manipulation, extra activities, and personal lives, they must learn about time planning, goal setting, and effective work strategies. A number of sea captains at employment and student service offices are often available to help students learn about the most effective time-management and study strategies. As students continue through their education, they must learn to cope with both academic successes and challenges (Lindsay Paterson, 2005). They must deal with individuals, who they may not get along with, and they must learn to cope with subjects and classes, which seem thorny and they do not like. Facing these challenges in a university or college prepares the student for coping with challenges outside of school. In England within the higher education formation the professional training is in direct in areas such as physics, computer science, medicine, enginee ring and other technical fields, some of them carried out in institutions of higher level.The system provides for the operation of English universities organized under the departmental system and institutions organized on the basis of schools. From an academic point of view, universities operate no more than 6000 to 8000 students in total, whose growth is gradual, allowing maintain a student / teacher for not more than 1/10 or 1/12. The dedication of teachers and students is full time and is establish on a very narrow coexistence, both academic and social, as well as an ongoing process of sharing experiences, advice and council (Galvin, 1996). All students are sponsored, by paying the university a lump sum of 390 pounds annually. It included accommodation, food, buying books and incidentals.Moreover, the government finance to all universities by about more than 75% of its total budget. access to college is very selective, firstly because the levels of requirements are very high and secondly because the landscape of higher education English is very broad,

Come up with an assertin- a claim,a point, an opinion- that you can Essay

Come up with an assertin- a claim,a point, an opinion- that you can support with some of the facts from the articles - Essay ExampleThis premise is demonstrated beautifully when Charlie attempts to elevate Lalu from Hong King by playing poker. Clearly, Charlie is willing to gamble on Lalu because he loves here whereas Hong King is willing to gamble on her to maintain her slavery. Tragically, Lalu does not operate this because she has always been viewed as a chattel and therefore presumes that Charlie views her much the same way. The problem that Charlie has is that he will never win the love or affections of Lalu because ultimately, she is the crossing of a bet. I suspect however, that had Charlie allowed Lalu to kill Hong King or had assisted her in the murder, he would have ultimately won her over.No matter how embarrassing any man may try, a womans dignity will not be stolen from her without her consent. Women, all women want protection, but not at any price. Finally, once a w oman has decided that a man sees her only as chattel, he can never shake that impression from

Stem cell research paper Argumentative Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stem cell Argumentative - Research Paper ExampleThese kibosh cells previously were not given enough heed to be researched upon, but recently as the instauration of medicine has improved research on the stem cells let become an important breakthrough in the world of science (Solo & Pressberg 2007). Stem cells tidy sum be of two types which are embryonic stem cells and expectant stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are retrieved from human embryos whereas adult stem cells are retrieved from the organs of adults. Because of the stem cells to pro spiritrate rapidly and form organs it is important for the medical experts to discover the inner functioning of these stem cells. And and so it has become important to retrieve these stem cells from the embryo and adults. The ethical issue arises in the concept of retrieving the stem cells from human embryos. In the process of retrieving the stem cells the scientists have to destroy the human embryo and in this process a death of a human being may be caused as believed by the opponents of stem cell research. However the proponents believe that the embryo has yet not developed enough to be called a human being and thus a life is not being taken. This essay would further revolve around both these view capitulums and would provide with a definite conclusion as to which view point is more convincing (Newton 2007).According to the scientists stem cell research flush toilet be a breakthrough in the medical world to cure legion(predicate) of the diseases which are causing deaths. These stem cells give birth to the organs in the body and it is because of these stem cells that a systemic way of functioning is observed in the human beings. Thus the very reason of the existence of these organs can help to transform many medical researches into success. The exact functioning of these stem cells can help the doctors to replace organs which have become dead or diseased due to any condition in the human being and they can further pr ovide ways to complete healing in a human being. It

Importance of motivation on the workforce Case Study

Importance of motivation on the work force - Case Study ExampleImportance of motivation on the workforce Experts are incessantly on the lookout on how to optimize the productivity of people on how to make them perform well because the competitiveness of a business organization depends on its greatest asset its workforce.This question is not only to satisfy a certain curiosity in a business organisation but in fact has economic relevance because a workforce with high morale has a higher(prenominal) output and productivity. This paper would venture into the various theories and approaches to enhance workforce morale from the classical theorists such as Taylor until present perspective on workforce morale. In any business enterprise, the human resource are constantly considered as the most important asset. Their performance can spell a difference between a business failure or success particularly in todays very competitive environment (Guld 2007). Business organisations with a commi tted and inspired workforce does not only set out higher productivity but in any case ensure the viability of the business in the long-run. Such, it is critical that businesses should motivate its workforce not only for them to commit and perform but similarly to keep them in the organisation. Keeping valuable employees motivated in an organisation is not only intended to make them commit and perform but also to keep them over the long haul (Frasch 2010). There are many implements used by business organisations to motivate their employees. ... Several business organisations even went as far as integrating play with work not only to keep their employees committed and productive, but also to induce creativity in the body of work which proved to be beneficial to a companys diversification drive such as the case of Google (Lovewell 2005). III. Motivation theories and examples The idea of the necessity to motivate employees to encourage commitment and performance among employees was first conceived by management classical theorists such as Taylor, Maslow, Mayo, McGregor, Vroom and Herzberg. While modern management and organisational theorists will show that their concepts of motivating employees to commit and perform are inadequate, it cannot be denied that these classical theorists provided the basic building blocks of the know-how to motivate employees. From a simple idea of Taylor that adequate remuneration motivates employees, it by and by expanded to include the other dimension of human needs and aspects with the aim of fulfilling these needs that would enable employees to commit to the organisation.. The classical theorists of motivation a. Frederick Winslow Taylors Principles of Scientific solicitude Taylor first conceived the idea that workers are mainly motivated solely by wage. He posited that management has to possess the control and knowledge of the methods of production so that it would have a greater control of achieving efficiency in an organ isation that includes motivating its workforce (Jaffe 2008). For Taylor, the breaking up functions into small quantifiable tasks is necessary to make the time-piece commit pay possible that will encourage employees to work harder if they can see that they are being paid with more work (Taylor 1911). This theory assumed that employees

The European Constitution and the Irish Constitution Assignment

The European Constitution and the Irish Constitution - Assignment ExampleIt is a basic fact of the European Union and drop of the European Convention as law that each member state of the Union must deal with internal strife and dissidence in accordance with ultranationalistic attitudes. Ireland in particular is dealing with these stresses because of its sheer youth as an independent nation, and because of the young age of the Irish Constitution the country wishes generally to stay the social class when it comes to human rights laws and follow the Constitution to the letter instead of incorporating the use of the European Convention.Irish citizens are having difficulty managing with both an directed and celebrated Constitution and a supranational doctrine that was put in place for exactly the same reasons. Factors like strong nationalism, European unrest as a unified state, and the popular opinion that established practises are indeed better than the newer ideologies are all con tributing to the fact that Ireland will never fully accept European Convention rules all over its own Constitutional rights and policies. Authors and leading experts on the subject concur that despite the best intentions of the European government, Ireland is destined to follow its own regulatory path. Regardless of world(prenominal) opinion, however, Ireland seems to have unofficially decided that its own Constitution does hold higher prestige than any European Convention ruling.The Constitution of IrelandWhen the Republic of Ireland gained its freedom from the fall in Kingdom in 1922, the new nation drafted the Constitution of the Irish Free State, a document that would last until 1937 when the Constitution of Ireland was drawn up. According to certain researchers, there were two main reasons for the change its affiliation with the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the fact that since its adoption so many amendments had been made it was difficult to understand1. The Anglo-Irish treaty wa s created during the Irish Civil warfare that broke out as the tensions between Great Britain and the Roman Catholic Irish population were at breaking point. In an attempt to quell the effect and still keep Ireland within the realm of the English monarchy, the United Kingdom offered up a treaty proposal that it hoped the angered Irish community would accept ultimately the Britain would be disappointed at the outcome. The new Constitution was drawn up so that those important amendments could be brought up to date and written in accordance with the modern goals and ambitions of the relatively new state. The Constitution was written in both the Irish and the English languages the content focused on establishing an Irish nationalist spirit, granting citizenship to its residents and those with parents born in the country, establishing the capital city in Dublin and working within a democratic political system2.The rights and provisions claimed by the Constitution were of great(p) impor tance to its drafters and continue to be important in todays Ireland. Like all new nations, Ireland was proud to

Employee Motivational Theories and Concepts Essay Example for Free

Employee Motivational Theories and Concepts EssayNumerous theories on the subject of employee demand have been developed and published for the better part of this century. While early employers eyeshot of their workers as just a nonher input into the production of goods and services (Lindner, 1998), employees were becoming increasingly dissatisfied with working conditions and malevolent centering. As post-war, labor tensions mounted in the 1920s, employers needed to change their approach to employee relations if they were to avoid costly, and sometimes violent, labor strikes. Early motivational theories effectuate the entrapation for the development of 20th century concepts, including the remove to get Googled and motivational techniques based on business strengths found in the corporate toolbox. Early Motivational TheoriesGeorge Elton Mayo, an Australian-born psychologist and Harvard prof, began significant research in 1927 in an begin to demonstrate that employees, if ap propriately make a motiond, be more productive and can achieve greater return through appropriate human relationship management techniques (Trahair Zaleznik, 2005). This research, referred to as the Hawthorne Studies, found that employees are not only motivated by financial gain, but also by the behavior and attitude of their supervisors.During these studies, the employees responded positively to the mere circumstance that they were receiving attention from their supervisor as a take of the experiment. In his article, Gordon Marshall (1998) noted that the term Hawthorne effect is now widely used to refer to the behavior-modifying personal effects of being the subject of social investigation, regardless of the context of the investigation. More generally, the researchers concluded that supervisory style greatly affected worker productivity (para. 1) and that enhanced productivity therefore depends on management sensitivity to, and manipulation of, the human relations of producti on (para. 2). This represented a dramatic paradigm shift key for employers and theorists alike.Subsequent to the shutting of the infamous Hawthorne Studies, five primary motivational theories have developed that have increased the understanding of what truly motivates employees. They are Maslows need-hierarchy, Hertzbergs two-factor system, Vrooms expectancy theory, Adams equity theory, and Skinners reinforcement theory. Maslow set that employees, in general, have five primary levels of needs that include mental (e.g. air, food, shelter), safety (e.g. security, order, stability), belongingness (e.g. love, family, relationships), esteem (e.g. achievement, status, responsibility), and self-actualization (McLeod, 2007). Maslow further noted that, in order to provide motivation, the lower levels would need to be satisfied before one progressed to the higher levels.Hertzberg categorize motivation into two, distinct factors. He believed that intrinsic factors (or motivators) produce job satisfaction through achievement and recognition while extrinsic (or hygiene) factors produce dissatisfaction. He identified extrinsic factors to be associated with compensation and perceived job security, or lack thereof. Vroom theorized that demonstrated effort would lead to performance which, in turn, would lead to issue (either positive or negative). The more positive the reward the more highly motivated the employee would be. To the contrary, negative rewards would result in a lesser motivated employee.Adams found that employees want to ensure that there is a virtuoso of fairness and equity between themselves and their co-workers. He believed that equity is achieved when employees are contributing, in terms of input and output, at the same rate. Skinners theory was likely the most simplistic, He established that employees will repeat behaviors that lead to positive outcomes and eliminate or pick at behaviors that lead to negative outcomes. He conceived that, if managers p ositively reinforce desired behavior, it would lead to positive outcomes and that managers should negatively reinforce employee behavior that leads to negative outcomes (Lindner, 1998).James R. Lindner, Professor of instruction and Research at Ohio State University, has conducted extensive research on this topic. In his paper Understanding Employee Motivation, he further extrapolated on the five theories, providing a comparative analysis, and offering a summary definition that focuses on the psychological process and inner force associated with the accomplishment of personal and organizational goals (Lindner, 1998). 20th Century ConceptsIn addition to studying popular theories associated with employee motivation, Lindner (1998) includes the methodology and outcomes of an independent study, conducted at Ohio State University, that sought to rank the importance of ten motivating factors. The results of this study were make with kindle work ranking as number one over other more com monly identified motivators, such as wages and job security. In comparing these results with Maslows hierarchy of needs, among others, he found that the results are mixed, with the highest ranked factor (interesting work) being one of self-actualization and contrary to Maslows findings (Lindner, 1998).This presents a divergent result that challenges Maslows assumption that the lower needs must be satisfied before a person can achieve their potential and self-actualize (McLeod, 2007, para.16). This does not do in Maslows work, but rather demonstrates that a natural evolution may have taken place with the modern workforce due to the progression of motivation strategies. This is a credit to the work of early theorists, and a call to arms for those that continue this research. Get GoogledBut history has yet to definitively answer the question, what is the best method(s) to motivate employees? The imprecise answer continues to be it depends. Many achieverful organizations incorporate a variety of programs aimed at motivating their employees, based on their specific population. Google Inc., for example, is leading the path to restructure management so that employees can streamline creative ideas that produce blockbuster new products.They are rewarding employees with perks like onsite swimming pools, allowing employees to bring their pets to work, providing onsite minor care, and all the free food employees want (How Google Inc. Rewards Its Employees, 2010, Thinking Leaders, para.1). While this may not be realistic for every organization, there is something to be said just about the fact that Google, Inc. is consistently ranked by Fortune magazine as the best place in the U.S. to work. However there are things that a political party can do to motivate their employees that are low or no cost and likely already exist in their corporate toolbox.The Corporate tool cabinetMost successful organizations pride themselves on their ability to parent their product or se rvice to achieve the desired level of profitability. They develop strategic plans, set production goals and persuade their customers that they are best of the best in their field. They are advertisers and peddlers of wares. So what does this have to do with motivation? Robert Hershey, Director of James E. Rogers College of Law at the University of Arizona and contributing author to the Journal of Managerial Psychology, contends that there is a significant correlation between an organizations ability to successfully promote their business and thrive at motivating their employees. He notes that we do not need one more theory of motivation we need better keenness into the psychology of advertising. We can take some tried-and-true product advertising techniques that have been found to be effective and use them in a human resources and management context.But before we do that, the point must be made that, as a practical matter, our vocabulary and attention require a shift from the motiv ation jargon of needs, expectancy, two-factor theories, etc., to an emphasis on communications practices, because persuasion requires the transmission of information (Hershey, 1993). If Hershey is correct, then an emphasis on communication and inclusion would create an surroundings ripe for employee motivation. One could also argue that, if communication is key, allowing input and empower decision making is the next logical step to producing a motivated employee. Carolyn Wiley, Professor of Business at Roosevelt University, concurs with this notion and provides the following supporting statements in her article Creating an Environment for Employee Motivation When employees have an opportunity to provide input, this increases their survival rate and their sense of loyalty. In many very small companies, a natural sense of ownership often develops among the employees.However, as companies grow, feelings of ownership and commitment start to decline. To increase commitment as the orga nization grows, managers must change how they define who retains control. Shared decision making is essential both to company success and employee survival. Workers generally do not resist their own ideas and decisions. Rather, they are motivated to fulfill them. (Wiley, 1992, para.14) While this may seem threatening to traditional leaders, it should not be viewed as surrendering control. Employees that are empowered through inclusion are ambassadors for organizational success.It is only through mutual success that both the employee and company thrive. It seems so simple, but eludes even the most progressive tense of companies. Most organizations are more inclined to spend thousands of dollars creating recognition programs, building home office environments, developing bonus structures and hosting employee appreciation events rather than recognizing that most employees are merely looking to be valued. The same attention that motivated the Hawthorne workers applies to the modern emp loyee who just wants to contribute and receive credit for their effort.ConclusionThere is certainly compelling evidence to indicate that employee motivation comes in many forms. Whether one places their belief in the theoretical assumptions of a Maslow or Hertzberg, their financial backing in the debut of a Google-esque environment, or capitalize on their organizational strengths to communicate and persuade, there is clear agreement that the ability to successfully motivate employees is essential for corporate success and sustainability. The concept of positive human relation management has finally taken its place at the forefront of organizational strategies and, with it, the evolution of employee motivation.ReferencesTrahair, R. Zaleznik, A. (2005). Elton Mayo The Humanist Temper. refreshing Brunswick, NJ Transaction PublishersMarshall, G. (1998). A Dictionary of Sociology Hawthorne Studies. Retrieved from Encyclopedia.com http//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O88-Hawthornestudies.ht ml Lindner, James R. (1998). Journal of Extension Understanding Employee Motivation. Retrieved from http//www.joe.org/joe/1998june/rb3.phpMcLeod, S. A. (2007). Simply Psychology Maslow Hierarchy of Needs.Retrieved from http//www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.htmlHow Google Inc. rewards its employees. (2010). Retrieved from Thinking Leaders website http//www.thinkingleaders.com/ collect/517Hershey, R. (1993). A practitioners view of motivation. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 8(3), 10-10. Retrieved from http//ezproxy.arbor.edu80/login?url=http//search.proquest. com/docview/ 215865845?accountid=13998 Wiley, C. (1992). Create an environment for employee motivation. HR Focus, 69(6), 14-14. Retrieved from http//ezproxy.arbor.edu80/login?url=http//search.proquest.com/ docview/206781828?ac countid=13998

Performance in a Business Environment Essay Example for Free

Performance in a Business Environment EssayThe purpose and benefits of continuously improving my believe in performance at work is to move one step forward and exceed my limitations, achieve further goals, self-motivation, not to be the same person and on the same position after a certain of time, to exceed my performance at work and doing work, improving my own performance fosters me to progress on my life and give me a stemma satisfaction. However this leads me to evaluate my own work by spirit at the work that takes the most time, and what actions can I take to do this task in a less time, however at the same time I look at the best part of the job that I do and also look for areas where I can improve. I normally speak to my colleagues that are more experience than me regarding this and take advice as fountainhead as guidance to do so. It is so important for me to get feedback and to accept it from others as this will help me to learn from my mistakes and be more confid ent in the work I am doing.Receiving feedback also helps me see myself from the perspective of others and how other people see me I always accept feedback whether positive or negative, as positive will help me to work harder and keep the earnest work Im doing, as well as negative will help me to learn from my past failures and mistakes so I can correct them. In every organisation it is so important to provide a Good feel piece of work, as a very challenging person I always try new ways, different ways to do my work with a good quality and within less time scale. I always learn new things either in the office as my mean solar day to day tasks or at home for my long term locomote goals. My own learning and development does not only improve my work and productivity, it improves and benefits the team I work with as well as the whole organisation.The more I learn, the more I can do. This benefits the organisation by increasing productivity. It helps me to identify gaps among my job requirements or future work roles and the existing knowledge, understanding and skills. This is one of the reasons that we flip in our organisation a private website that provides different short courses for self-development. The furtherance r bye from my current role will be towards a Management Information Analysts role, and then eventually a Business Analyst role as my long term role. This will also help me work towards my career I wish to pursue in the educational field, where I will take up to also demonstrate data management tasks on my day to day tasks at work. After completing my Apprenticeship in Business and Admin L3, I am looking forward to starting an Apprenticeship L4 with a hard working todevelop my career to the next level as Management Information Analysts towards my long term career as a Business Analysts. I already have experience working in education, retail and IT.I will be working harder to come upon my above career development with a good salary package and job description, where I can best use my skills, talents and capabilities. So by evolution my skills I can look at possible interesting careers and sectors that I might be interested in and develop my opportunities in securing a good job. A learning plan is a way for everyone to set personal targets and record achievements. It helps me as a person to keep on track towards where I want to be in my life and my work. The reason for making a plan is, it simply helps me to take more control of my future, by reminding me what I have learned, achieved and enjoyed. Creating my plan can help me develop more confidence in my ability to tackle new things, become more employable, and get more out of life.

The United States and China Essay Example for Free

The United States and chinaware EssayChinas idea of economic advancement has transformed the country in a unequal titan. Reframing methods started by Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s, Chinese institutions started victimisation inexpensive capital and labor to contest on the global economy. Beijing maintains to subsidize exports massively, though loans to institutions and exchange live to non-domestic buyers of Chinese goods. The Chinese government enforces management on the expense of Chinese civilians that grant it to filter financial as trims into Chinese institutions. Chinas method of using financial repression has given this country financial power in the Global and American economy. This poses a threat to American Financial Foreign policy. In this enquiry paper, I allow explain the economic growth of China, from at that place I will tie that into their financial foreign policy in China, I will then discuss the cross-correlation method of America and Chinas financial in puts/outputs into American Foreign indemnity, from there I will present the threat that this poses to America.In 1970 China was under the direction of Mao Zedong, he retained a prepared economy. The countrys economic gain was conducted by the state of China, which set fixed controlled prices, manufacturing objectives, and resources available in the economy. The main goal of the Chinese government is to allow Chinas economy to be a more relatively self-sufficient system. Trade was usually narrow to gain only goods that could not achieve in China. China theories made the economy comparably ineffective, inactive, by tenability of many prospects of the economy of their centralized government. After the death of Mao in 1978 China decided to disconnect its ties that it had with the soviet-style policies. The economy was then reformed, corresponding to the free commercialise ethic and trade and investment of the United States. China intent is to, boost both economic growth and living s tandards. Prior to 1970, 81 % of Chinas slew lived in rural communities.The economy had previously been interrupted by war. The victorious communist party installed applied economics. 40 to 30 million people died from famine. In the city living, standards increased for over 40 years. Students from Tsinghua,University located in Beijing China, recorded a study that said the average pay direct in the catering business exceeded wages in higher education in 2009. After market reforms In 1978 the GP growth was averaging 10% any year. And it had lifted over 600 million people out of the poor. All of the country goals have been reached or within reach with the population at about 1.3 cardinal this has made china the second largest economy, and increasingly playing an importance and influence in the global market. It is now the worlds, merchandise exporter, holder of foreign exchanges, and largest manufacturer.Chinas brisk economic prosperity has excelled to a valuable merger in recipro cal monetary ties with the United States. Corresponding to American Foreign Policy trade data, overall trade between these two countries matured from 4.7 billion in 1980 to 560 billion in 2013. China is actively the United States second largest vocation ally, it is the third largest export market, also adding the largest country of exported goods. Powerful U.S. companies tend to move their business aboard in China to see their products bloom in there market and to take advantage of the lower-cost of labor for exported manufacturing goods. Interest rates comparably stay low because it allows the U.S. to remain internationally competitive.

Network System for Secure Communication

mesh topology placement of rules of rules for Secure CommunicationMethodologyThe main methodology involved behind this search project is to impart the importance of such technology from professionals and s headspring referred subterfugeicles. many of the general interviews pass on be added to the project with details showing their interest towards the current technology and besides the change they see in communicating with the oerbold technology.It on the hands of the components of IP certificate that contri nonwithstandinge to this level of secondure communicationThe IP certification measures (IPSec) Driver is employ to monitor lizard, filter, and bulletproofs the c all(prenominal)ing without the form.The (ISAKMP/Oakley) abbreviated as shekels protective covering connexion disclose Management communications communications communications protocol practises unwrap exchange and prudence moves that oversee auspices department issues amid hosts, and pull up stakes constitutes which tail end be utilise with auspices algorithms.The IP hostage Policy and the earnest Associations argon derived from those policies that define the aegis environment where dickens hosts back tooth communicate.The function of credentials Association API is to get out the interface between the IPSec driver, the Policy Agent and the ISAKMP.The function of the commission tools is to create policies, monitor IP Security statistics, and log IP Security events.The main methodologies which be under consideration for this project ar Classical encoding technologies, IP sec Tunnel, IP sec VPN, Internet Key substitute methods, Block Cipher Data Encryption, Advanced Encryption, Symmetric cyphers, Public head-to-head key functions, Digital cutaneous senses etc, which scram suggested me to design a collapse system.ImplementationThe main reason behind selecting IPSec is that it so powerful that it provides hostage to IP layer, and too forms the basis for in whole the contrasting TCP/IP communications protocols. This is principally composed of two protocols certification straits (AH)Encapsulating Security loading (ESP)IPSec Implementation MethodsIPSec is comprised of several death penaltys calculator architectures which argon defined in RFC 2401. The IPSec murder besides depends on heterogeneous factors including the version of IP utilise (v4 versus v6), the basic requirements of the application and other factors.End Host ImplementationImplementing IPSec in all host devices provides the most flexibility and pledge. It enables passim earnest between any two devices on the interlock.Router ImplementationRouter implementation however is a much simpler projection since we exactly make changes to a a few(prenominal) routers instead of hundreds or thousands of clients. It all provides shelter between pairs of routers that implement IPSec, but this may be sufficient for reliable applications such as realistic private networks (VPNs).The brain will be implement after proper testing of various open methodologies. The current system for implementation is as follows. We example sealed open source softw bes which provide encoding and decryption methods and au sotication. In the actual system, the user is asked to enter details of files to be sent and similarly round other details more or less the password and the public keys if included. The required softwargon are utilise in a elan which helps to run a smooth performance and secure operation.CONTENTSAcknowledgementI owe several(prenominal) thanks to people who helped supported me in doing my dissertation.Firstly, I would wish to express my immense gratitude to my esteem professor Mr. Dr. XXX, YYYY University, London for his support and motivation that has helped me to come up with this project.He supported me when its engageed and suggested me in rationality various methodologies in my project. He in addition took care of my project with attention to achieve my goal.I thank to my Institution and faculty members for giving me an opportunity to do my dissertation and also for library, computer lab facilities for doing my dissertation to achieve practical results which bath resolve my project related issues.I also extend my liveliness full thanks to my family friends.I owe my special thanks to my Dad and his colleagues who gave me suggestions on doing my Dissertation.AbstractIn the defer system the network helps a position organization to allocate the randomness by victimisation external devices. The external devices are use to carry the randomness. The existing system tinnot provide protective covering, which let ins an unlicenced user to entry the secret files. It also great dealnot share a single costly printer. Many interrupts may occur at heart the system. Though it is emolumentous we have numerous disadvantageous, somebody writes a program and apprize make the co stly printer to misprint the entropy. Similarly some unaccredited user may get admission fee over the network and may perform any illegal functions bid deleting some of the sensitive infoSecurity is the term that comes into picture when some cardinal or sensitive information mustiness be protected from an self-appointed access. Hence in that respect must be some way to protect the entropy from them and even if he hacks the information because he should not be able to understand whats the actual information in the file, which is the main intention of the project. The project is intentional to protect the sensitive information season it is in transaction in the network. There are many chances that an unauthorized person can have an access over the network in some way and can access this sensitive information. My main superlativeic focuses onIPSec(Internet Protocol Security) is an consultation to the IP protocol specified byIETFwhich provides security to the IP and the u pper-layer protocols and cryptograph in a network sharing system. It was first genuine for the new IPv6 conventionality and then underpin ported to IPv4. The IPSec architecture is described in theIPSecuses two different protocols AH ( certification drift) and ESP (Encapsulating security freight rate) to escort the authentication, integrity and confidentiality of the communication. It uses strong cryptography to provide twain authentication and encryption serve. Authentication ensures that piece of lands are from the right transmitter and have not been altered in transit. Encryption prevents wildcat reading of packet contents. 2 cryptograph is the technique used to secure the entropy while they are in transactions. Encryption and Decryption are two techniques used under cryptography technology. Data cryptography is the art of securing the preference that is shared among the applications. The main idea behind the design is to provide a secured communication between t he networks showing network level performance a great deal by differentiating different operating system which can ensure the security, authenticity by considering, analyzing and testing any best available methodologies.1. IntroductionBusinesses today are focused on the importance of securing node and business data. Increasing regulatory requirements are driving need for security of data.There have been many methods which have evolved over the years to delivery the need for security. Many of the methods are focused at the higher layers of the OSI protocol stack, thus compensating the IPs lack in resolving security issues. These declarations can be employ in certain(prenominal) situations, but they cannot be generalized because they are particularly too many applications. For example, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) can be used for certain applications like World Wide Web access or FTP, but there are many other applications which cannot be resolved with this type of security.A solut ion is required to allow security at the IP level was very necessary so that all higher-layer protocols in TCP/IP could take advantage of it. When the decision was make to develop a new version of IP (IPv6), this was the golden opportunity to resolve not just the goaling problems in the older IPv4, but also resolve lack of security issues as well. Later a new security technology was developed with IPv6 in mind, but since IPv6 has taken extensive time to develop, and thus a solution was knowing to be usable for both IPv4 and IPv6.The technology which brings a secure communications to the Internet Protocol is cognize as IP Security, commonly abbreviated as IPSec.IPSec service of processs allow users to build secure tunnels by certain networks. All the data that passes through the entrusted net is encrypted by theIPSECgateway machine and decrypted by the gateway at the other end. The result obtained is a Virtual hush-hush Network or VPN. This network is in effect private even tho ugh it includes machines at several different sites which are connected by the insecure Internet. cryptograph technique is used to secure the data while they are in transactions. Encryption and Decryption are two techniques which are used under cryptography technology. Data cryptography is the art of securing the resource that is shared among the applications.The Encryption and Decryption are termed as two powerful security technologies that are widely implemented to protect the data from loss and look at compromise. In this project the networking allows the company to share files or data without using certain external devices. Some unauthorized users may get access over the network and perform some illegal functions in certain cases like deleting files while the transaction is still on at that time encryption and then decryption techniques are implemented to secure the data. Many other attacks in cryptography are considered which lead me to look into on different types of IPSec i mplementation methodologies in assemble to design the best model such that it may be suitable for the endue trend of networking systems also form a platform to enable communication to the outside world. Thus in orders to implement IPSec, certain modifications are required to the systems communications routines and certain new systems processes conduct secret key negotiations.What is IPSec?An extension to the IP protocol is considered as IPSec which provides high level security to the IP and to the upper-layer protocols. This was initially developed for the new IPv6 standard and then was back ported to IPv4. IPSec provides the following security services data stem authentication, connectionless integrity, replay protection, data confidentiality, pay backed traffic flow confidentiality, and key negotiation and management. It has been made mandatory by the IETF for the use of IPSec wherever feasible the standards documents are close to completion, and there are numerous implementa tions.Overview of IPSec ArchitectureThe IPSec suite defined as a framework of open standards. The following protocols are used by IPSec to perform various functions. 23IPSecprovides three main facilities which are explained belowInternet key exchange(IKE and IKEv2) This is used to set up a security association (SA) which can be done by handling negotiation of protocols and algorithms and generating the encryption and authentication keys which can be used by IPSec.45Authentication Header (AH)This is used to provide connectionless integrity and data origin authentication for IP datagrams and also provides protection against replay attacks.67Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)This is used to provide confidentiality, data origin authentication, connectionless integrity, anti-replay service, and limited traffic flow confidentiality. 9Both authentication and encryption are generally desired in this mechanism.Assure that unauthorized users do not penetrate the virtual private networkAssur e that eavesdroppers on the Internet cannot read messages sent over the virtual private network.Since both the above features are generally desirable, most implementations are likely to use ESP rather than AH.Security AssociationThe security Association mechanism is used for authentication (AH) and confidentiality (ESP)A one way relationship between a sender and a receiver that affords security services to the traffic carried on it.Security services are afforded to an SA for the use of AH or ESP but not both.SA identified by three parametersSecurity Parameter world power (SPI)IP destination character referenceSecurity protocol identifierOverview of IPSec processs and FunctionsIPSec is not only assumed as a single protocol, but is rather considered as a set of services and protocols which provide a complete security solution to the IP network. These services and protocols are combined to provide various types of protection. Since IPSec ordinarily works at the IP layer, it provide s protection for any higher layer TCP/IP application or protocol without using any special security methods, which is considered as a major strength for its implementation. General types of protection services offered by IPSec includeEncryption of user data to achieve privacy.Authentication and message integrity has to be achieved to ensure that it is not changed on route.Protection against certain types of security attacks, such as replay attacks.The ability of the devices to negotiate the security algorithms and keys required in order to admit their security needs.wo security modes called tunnel and transport are implemented to meet the various network needs.Features BenefitsIPSec is observed to be straightforward by the end users.The users on the security mechanisms need not be trained.IPSec assures security measures for individuals.There is no requirement to change the software on a user or a server system.Strong security measures are applied to the entire traffic crossing the perimeter.2. ObjectiveIPSec is mostly designed in order to encrypt the data between the two systems without any spoofing attacks. It is a key force of defence against internal and external attacks. However, other than these, there are many other security strategies which have prevented the security attacks. The main idea in my research is to provide a better prelude to the implementation of IP Security by analyzing the hold methodologies. In the implementation of this design, I am also considering different operating systems to provide a better approach towards security which can prove to be good in ideal ways. The design of such an approach is helpful in restricting any unauthorised access to the network and also helps in providing a secure and authenticated access.The main idea behind the design is to provide a secured communication between the networks independent of the operating system which can ensure the security, authenticity by considering, analyzing and testing any two best available methodologies.In my overview of RFCs available in the Internet such as Cryptography the receiver end of a particular communication channel is not aware of the sender unless the sender transmits some information with private and public keys with cipher text which can prove his authenticity. Now the receiver sends the same package with his signature and then the receiver is also authenticated mutually.Attacks may occur in different ways. There are also many ways where in such communications can be detected and using techniques like eavesdropping or sniffing or man in the middle attack. These are the three major problems for secure communications. In my research, I will attempt to design a single- valuated function which can be easily followed in order to overcome such problems.There are many techniques available now which are better than normal communication. The major problem in such techniques is the implementation of man in the middle attack. There have been man y advances to try and rectify the problems but there has always been a flaw in the design. My research is to design a system using the current technologies used to encrypt and authenticate. These techniques play a major role in the implementation of IP Security.The major interest would be in areas like encryption, decryption and authentication. Additions will be done to this research as it is implemented. The goal is to use research existing systems and to suggest a system which makes it even hard to break. It is not ascorbic acid% immune to attacks but the attack may take longer to break the system than the present rate. This system will also be very honest and will be easy to use in daily life rather than something with a dozen processing steps to be followed.2.2 SCOPEWith the fast development of Multimedia data management technologies over the internet there is need to concern about the internet there is need to concern about the security and privacy of information. In multim edia system document, dissipation and sharing of data is becoming a common practice for internet based application and enterprises.As the internet forms the open source the present for all users securityForms the critical issue. Hence the transfer of information over the internet forms the critical issue. At the present situations the cryptographic techniques are used for providing SECURITY.2.3 discover PERSPECTIVEThe project Network system for Secure Communication is totally enhanced with the features that enable us to quality the real-time environment.Todays world is mostly employing the current networking techniques instead of using stand-alone PCs. IPSec tunnelling or Encryption, information scrambling technology is an important security tool. By properly applying, it can provide a secure communication channel even when the underlying system and network infrastructure is not secure. This is particularly important when data passes through the shared systems or network segments where eight-fold people may have access to the information. In these situations, sensitive data and especially passwords should be encrypted in order to protect it from unintended disclosure or modification.2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEMIn this system security is the term that comes into picture when some important or sensitive information must be protected from an unauthorized access. Hence there must be some way to protect the data from them and even if he hacks the information,The proposed system provides the security and it does not allow unauthorized users to access the secret files.As per the ISO standards the security parameters areConfidentialityAuthenticationIntegrityKey distributionAccess obtainCONFIDENTIALITYConfidentiality is the protection of patrimonial data from peaceful attacks. It can protect the data from unauthorized disclosure.AUTHENTICATIONA process used to verify the integrity of the transmitted data, especially a message. It is the process of proving ones indistingu ishability to someone else.INTEGRITYThe sender and the receiver want to ensure that the content of their communication is not altered during transmission. advert DISTRIBUTIONKey distribution can be defined as a term that refers to means of delivering a key to the communicating parties, without allowing others to see the key. penetration CONTROLIt is a ability to limit and control the access to host systems and applications via communication links.3.Literature ReviewThis project emphasis design and evaluates a computer-based system using appropriate process and tools. Most of the assiduity wide routers in the network implement their functionality in hardware and therefore we believe that hardware based routers are more efficient than a software-based router implementation besides that most of the work is in the research community which will be performed, using software-based routers utilizing off-the-shelf PCs. heterogeneous works have to be seek which evaluates different protocol stack, however none of them use hardware-based routers, has such a wide range of metrics, and none investigated mechanisms.My research methodology emphasis surveys, forums from the internet and articles from IEEE (Institute of electric and Electronics EngineersorIEEE) a quantitative approach in advance technology. I also consider various other thesis and books which are best suitable for my project. here following are the network related definitions, and few protocols from application layer, network and internet layer also discussed which in truth gives clear idea of understanding the concepts.3.1 IPSec StandardsIPSec is genuinely a collection of techniques and protocols it is not defined in a single Internet standard. Instead, a collection of RFCs defines the architecture, services and specific protocols used in IPSec. Some of the most important of these are shown belowRFC 2401 Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol(IPSec overview)The main IPSec document describes the a rchitecture and general operation of the technology, and showing how the different components fit together.RFC 2402 IP Authentication HeaderIt defines the IPSec Authentication Header (AH) protocol used for ensuring data integrity and origin verification.RFC 2403 The Use of HMAC-MD5-96 within ESP and AHDescribes a particular encryption algorithm for use by AH and ESP called Message Digest 5 (MD5), HMAC variant.RFC 2404 The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within ESP and AHDescribes a particular encryption algorithm for use by AH and ESP called Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1), HMAC variant.RFC 2406 IP Encapsulating and Security payload (ESP)It describes the IPSec Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP) protocol that provides data encryption for confidentiality.RFC 2408 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)It defines methods for exchanging keys and negotiating security associations.RFC 2409 The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)Describes the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol used to negotiate security associations and exchange keys between devices for secure communications. It is based on ISAKMP and OAKLEY.RFC 2412 The OAKLEY Key Determination ProtocolIt describes a generic protocol for key exchange.RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) DHCP allows a host to obtain an IP address automatically, as well as to learn additional information about subnet mask, the address of its first-hop router, and the address of its local DNS server.RFC 2131 RFC 3022 Network Address Translation (NAT)-In an attempt to provide transparent routing to hosts, NAT devices are used to connect an quarantined address realm with private unregistered addresses to an external realm with globally unique registered addresses.Domain Name System (DNS) It is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various other information with domain label assigned to from each one of the participa nts. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. For example, www.example.com translates to 208.77.188.166.Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) It is Microsofts implementation of NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS), a name server and service for NetBIOS computer names. Effectively WINS is to NetBIOS names, like DNS is to domain names in fact its a central mapping of host names to network addresses. Like DNS it is broken into two parts, a Server Service (that manages the encoded Jet Database, server to server replication, service requests, and conflicts) and a TCP/IP customer component which manages the clients registration and renewal of names, and takes care of queries.VPN (Virtual Private Network) It is a virtual computer network that exists over the top of an existing network. The purpose of a VPN is to allow communication s between systems connected to the VPN using an existing shared network infrastructure as the transport, without the VPN network be aware of the existence of the underlying network backbone or without the VPN interfering with other network traffic on the backbone. A VPN between two networks is a great deal referred to as a VPN Tunnel. Most VPN technologies can be separated into two broad categories, Secure VPNs and Trusted VPNs.Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)It is the following-generation Internet Protocol version designated as the transposition to IPv4. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol was the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 was defined in December 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the publication of an Internet standard specification,RFC 2460.IPv6 has a vastly larger address space than IPv4. This results from the use of a 128-bit address, whereas I Pv4 uses only 32 bits. This expansion provides flexibility in allocating addresses and routing traffic and eliminates the primary need for network address translation (NAT), which gained general deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion. Due to its security and flexibility entire Internet will be deployed byIPv6 in 2012 as expected.TunnellingIn computer networks tunnelling protocol (delivery protocol) encapsulates the different payload protocol i.e., It carries a payload over an incompatible delivery-network. It can also provide a secure path through an untrusted network without any data loss. take Layer Security (TLS)Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide security for communications over networks such as the Internet. TLS and SSL encrypt the segments of network connections at the Transport Layer end-to-end.EncryptionIn cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming informa tion (referred to as plaintext) using an algorithm (called cipher) to make it indecipherable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key. The result of the process is encrypted information (in cryptography, referred to as cipher text).In many contexts, the word encryption also implicitly refers to the reverse process, decryption.Internet Key ExchangeInternet Key Exchange (IKE or IKEv2) is the protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPSec protocol suite. IKE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to set up a shared posing secret, from which cryptographic keys are derived. Public key techniques or, alternatively, a pre-shared key, are used to mutually authenticate the communicating parties.4.IPSec System ArchitectureAuthentication Header and Encapsulating Security Payload are commonly called protocols, though this is another case where the validity of this term is debatable. They are not really distinct protocols but are implement ed as headers that are inserted into IP datagrams, as we will see. They thus do the grunt work of IPSec, and can be used together to provide both authentication and privacy.IPSec protocolsThe IPSec protocol family consists of two protocols Authentication Header (AH) andEncapsulated Security Payload (ESP). Both these protocols are independent IP. AH is the IP protocol 51 and ESP is the IP protocol 50Authentication HeaderThis is a member of the IPSec protocol suite. Authentication Header provides connectionless data integrity and data origin authentication of IP packets. Further, it can also provide protection against the replay attacks by using the sliding window technique and by discarding the old packets. Authentication Header also gives protection for the IP payload and all the header fields of an IP datagram.AH generally operates on the stop of IP, by using the IP protocol name 51.An AH packet draw is shown below which describes how an AH packet can be constructed and interpret edField meaningsNext headerThis field is an 8-bit field that mainly identifies the type of the next payload obtained after the Authentication Header. The value of this field can be chosen from the set of defined IP Protocol Numbers.RESERVEDThese fields are usually reserved for the future use.Payload lengthThis defines the size of Authentication Header packet.Sequence numberThis field represents a monotonically increasing number which is used to prevent certain replay attacks.Security parameters index (SPI)This field is used to identify the security parameters, in combination with the IP address, and then identify the security association techniques implemented with this packet.Authentication dataThis field contains the integrity check value (ICV) which is necessary to authenticate the packet. This field may also contain padding.Encapsulating Security PayloadESP which can be expanded as Encapsulating Security Payload is a member belonging of the IPSec protocol suite. IPSec achieves i ntegrity, origin authenticity, and confidentiality protection of packets. This protocol also supports encryption-only and authentication-only configurations. However usage of only encryption technique without authentication is not recommended because it is termed insecure.ESP does not protect the IP packet header like the Authentication Header (AH) does. The packet diagram below shows how an ESP packet is constructed and interpretedField meaningsSecurity parameteNetwork System for Secure CommunicationNetwork System for Secure CommunicationMethodologyThe main methodology involved behind this research project is to provide the importance of such technology from professionals and well referred articles. Some of the general interviews will be added to the project with details showing their interest towards the current technology and also the change they see in communicating with the new technology.It on the hands of the components of IP Security that contribute to this level of secure c ommunicationThe IP Security (IPSec) Driver is used to monitor, filter, and secures the traffic throughout the system.The (ISAKMP/Oakley) abbreviated as Internet Security Association Key Management Protocol performs key exchange and management functions that oversee security issues between hosts, and provide keys which can be used with security algorithms.The IP Security Policy and the Security Associations are derived from those policies that define the security environment where two hosts can communicate.The function of Security Association API is to provide the interface between the IPSec driver, the Policy Agent and the ISAKMP.The function of the management tools is to create policies, monitor IP Security statistics, and log IP Security events.The main methodologies which are under consideration for this project are Classical encryption technologies, IP sec Tunnel, IP sec VPN, Internet Key Exchange methods, Block Cipher Data Encryption, Advanced Encryption, Symmetric ciphers, Pu blic private key functions, Digital signature etc, which have suggested me to design a better system.ImplementationThe main reason behind selecting IPSec is that it so powerful that it provides security to IP layer, and also forms the basis for all the other TCP/IP protocols. This is generally composed of two protocolsAuthentication Header (AH)Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)IPSec Implementation MethodsIPSec is comprised of several implementations architectures which are defined in RFC 2401. The IPSec implementation also depends on various factors including the version of IP used (v4 versus v6), the basic requirements of the application and other factors.End Host ImplementationImplementing IPSec in all host devices provides the most flexibility and security. It enables end-to-end security between any two devices on the network.Router ImplementationRouter implementation however is a much simpler task since we only make changes to a few routers instead of hundreds or thousands of clients. It only provides protection between pairs of routers that implement IPSec, but this may be sufficient for certain applications such as virtual private networks (VPNs).The idea will be implemented after proper testing of various available methodologies. The current strategy for implementation is as follows. We use certain open source softwares which provide encryption and decryption methods and authentication. In the actual system, the user is asked to enter details of files to be sent and also some other details about the password and the public keys if included. The required software are used in a way which helps to run a smooth process and secure operation.CONTENTSAcknowledgementI owe many thanks to people who helped supported me in doing my dissertation.Firstly, I would like to express my immense gratitude to my respected professor Mr. Dr. XXX, YYYY University, London for his support and motivation that has helped me to come up with this project.He supported me when i ts needed and suggested me in understanding various methodologies in my project. He also took care of my project with attention to achieve my goal.I thank to my Institution and faculty members for giving me an opportunity to do my dissertation and also for library, computer lab facilities for doing my dissertation to achieve practical results which can resolve my project related issues.I also extend my Heart full thanks to my family friends.I owe my special thanks to my Dad and his colleagues who gave me suggestions on doing my Dissertation.AbstractIn the present system the network helps a particular organization to share the data by using external devices. The external devices are used to carry the data. The existing system cannot provide security, which allows an unauthorized user to access the secret files. It also cannot share a single costly printer. Many interrupts may occur within the system. Though it is advantageous we have numerous disadvantageous, somebody writes a progr am and can make the costly printer to misprint the data. Similarly some unauthorized user may get access over the network and may perform any illegal functions like deleting some of the sensitive informationSecurity is the term that comes into picture when some important or sensitive information must be protected from an unauthorized access. Hence there must be some way to protect the data from them and even if he hacks the information because he should not be able to understand whats the actual information in the file, which is the main intention of the project. The project is designed to protect the sensitive information while it is in transaction in the network. There are many chances that an unauthorized person can have an access over the network in some way and can access this sensitive information. My main topic focuses onIPSec(Internet Protocol Security) is an extension to the IP protocol specified byIETFwhich provides security to the IP and the upper-layer protocols and cryp tography in a network sharing system. It was first developed for the new IPv6 standard and then back ported to IPv4. The IPSec architecture is described in theIPSecuses two different protocols AH (Authentication Header) and ESP (Encapsulating security payload) to ensure the authentication, integrity and confidentiality of the communication. It uses strong cryptography to provide both authentication and encryption services. Authentication ensures that packets are from the right sender and have not been altered in transit. Encryption prevents unauthorised reading of packet contents. 2Cryptography is the technique used to secure the data while they are in transactions. Encryption and Decryption are two techniques used under cryptography technology. Data cryptography is the art of securing the resource that is shared among the applications. The main idea behind the design is to provide a secured communication between the networks showing network level performance practically by differ entiating different operating system which can ensure the security, authenticity by considering, analyzing and testing any best available methodologies.1. IntroductionBusinesses today are focused on the importance of securing customer and business data. Increasing regulatory requirements are driving need for security of data.There have been many methods which have evolved over the years to address the need for security. Many of the methods are focused at the higher layers of the OSI protocol stack, thus compensating the IPs lack in resolving security issues. These solutions can be implemented in certain situations, but they cannot be generalized because they are particularly too many applications. For example, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) can be used for certain applications like World Wide Web access or FTP, but there are many other applications which cannot be resolved with this type of security.A solution is required to allow security at the IP level was very necessary so that all higher-layer protocols in TCP/IP could take advantage of it. When the decision was made to develop a new version of IP (IPv6), this was the golden opportunity to resolve not just the addressing problems in the older IPv4, but also resolve lack of security issues as well. Later a new security technology was developed with IPv6 in mind, but since IPv6 has taken long time to develop, and thus a solution was designed to be usable for both IPv4 and IPv6.The technology which brings a secure communications to the Internet Protocol is known as IP Security, commonly abbreviated as IPSec.IPSecservices allow users to build secure tunnels through certain networks. All the data that passes through the entrusted net is encrypted by theIPSECgateway machine and decrypted by the gateway at the other end. The result obtained is a Virtual Private Network or VPN. This network is effectively private even though it includes machines at several different sites which are connected by the insecure Internet. Cryptography technique is used to secure the data while they are in transactions. Encryption and Decryption are two techniques which are used under cryptography technology. Data cryptography is the art of securing the resource that is shared among the applications.The Encryption and Decryption are termed as two powerful security technologies that are widely implemented to protect the data from loss and deliberate compromise. In this project the networking allows the company to share files or data without using certain external devices. Some unauthorized users may get access over the network and perform some illegal functions in certain cases like deleting files while the transaction is still on at that time encryption and then decryption techniques are implemented to secure the data. Many other attacks in cryptography are considered which lead me to research on different types of IPSec implementation methodologies in order to design the best model such that it may be suitable for th e present trend of networking systems also form a platform to enable communication to the outside world. Thus in orders to implement IPSec, certain modifications are required to the systems communications routines and certain new systems processes conduct secret key negotiations.What is IPSec?An extension to the IP protocol is considered as IPSec which provides high level security to the IP and to the upper-layer protocols. This was initially developed for the new IPv6 standard and then was back ported to IPv4. IPSec provides the following security services data origin authentication, connectionless integrity, replay protection, data confidentiality, limited traffic flow confidentiality, and key negotiation and management. It has been made mandatory by the IETF for the use of IPSec wherever feasible the standards documents are close to completion, and there are numerous implementations.Overview of IPSec ArchitectureThe IPSec suite defined as a framework of open standards. The follow ing protocols are used by IPSec to perform various functions. 23IPSecprovides three main facilities which are explained belowInternet key exchange(IKE and IKEv2) This is used to set up a security association (SA) which can be done by handling negotiation of protocols and algorithms and generating the encryption and authentication keys which can be used by IPSec.45Authentication Header (AH)This is used to provide connectionless integrity and data origin authentication for IP datagrams and also provides protection against replay attacks.67Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)This is used to provide confidentiality, data origin authentication, connectionless integrity, anti-replay service, and limited traffic flow confidentiality. 9Both authentication and encryption are generally desired in this mechanism.Assure that unauthorized users do not penetrate the virtual private networkAssure that eavesdroppers on the Internet cannot read messages sent over the virtual private network.Since bo th the above features are generally desirable, most implementations are likely to use ESP rather than AH.Security AssociationThe security Association mechanism is used for authentication (AH) and confidentiality (ESP)A one way relationship between a sender and a receiver that affords security services to the traffic carried on it.Security services are afforded to an SA for the use of AH or ESP but not both.SA identified by three parametersSecurity Parameter Index (SPI)IP destination addressSecurity protocol identifierOverview of IPSec Services and FunctionsIPSec is not only assumed as a single protocol, but is rather considered as a set of services and protocols which provide a complete security solution to the IP network. These services and protocols are combined to provide various types of protection. Since IPSec usually works at the IP layer, it provides protection for any higher layer TCP/IP application or protocol without using any additional security methods, which is consider ed as a major strength for its implementation. General types of protection services offered by IPSec includeEncryption of user data to achieve privacy.Authentication and message integrity has to be achieved to ensure that it is not changed on route.Protection against certain types of security attacks, such as replay attacks.The ability of the devices to negotiate the security algorithms and keys required in order to meet their security needs.wo security modes called tunnel and transport are implemented to meet the various network needs.Features BenefitsIPSec is observed to be transparent by the end users.The users on the security mechanisms need not be trained.IPSec assures security measures for individuals.There is no requirement to change the software on a user or a server system.Strong security measures are applied to the entire traffic crossing the perimeter.2. ObjectiveIPSec is mostly designed in order to encrypt the data between the two systems without any spoofing attacks. I t is a key force of defence against internal and external attacks. However, other than these, there are many other security strategies which have prevented the security attacks. The main idea in my research is to provide a better approach to the implementation of IP Security by analyzing the present methodologies. In the implementation of this design, I am also considering different operating systems to provide a better approach towards security which can prove to be good in ideal ways. The design of such an approach is helpful in restricting any unauthorised access to the network and also helps in providing a secure and authenticated access.The main idea behind the design is to provide a secured communication between the networks independent of the operating system which can ensure the security, authenticity by considering, analyzing and testing any two best available methodologies.In my overview of RFCs available in the Internet such as Cryptography the receiver end of a particula r communication channel is not aware of the sender unless the sender transmits some information with private and public keys with cipher text which can prove his authenticity. Now the receiver sends the same package with his signature and then the receiver is also authenticated mutually.Attacks may occur in different ways. There are also many ways where in such communications can be detected and using techniques like eavesdropping or sniffing or man in the middle attack. These are the three major problems for secure communications. In my research, I will attempt to design a procedure which can be easily followed in order to overcome such problems.There are many techniques available now which are better than normal communication. The major problem in such techniques is the implementation of man in the middle attack. There have been many advances to try and rectify the problems but there has always been a flaw in the design. My research is to design a system using the current technolo gies used to encrypt and authenticate. These techniques play a major role in the implementation of IP Security.The major interest would be in areas like encryption, decryption and authentication. Additions will be done to this research as it is implemented. The goal is to use research existing systems and to suggest a system which makes it even hard to break. It is not 100% immune to attacks but the attack may take longer to break the system than the present rate. This system will also be very safe and will be easy to use in daily life rather than something with a dozen processing steps to be followed.2.2 SCOPEWith the rapid development of Multimedia data management technologies over the internet there is need to concern about the internet there is need to concern about the security and privacy of information. In multimedia document, dissipation and sharing of data is becoming a common practice for internet based application and enterprises.As the internet forms the open source the present for all users securityForms the critical issue. Hence the transfer of information over the internet forms the critical issue. At the present situations the cryptographic techniques are used for providing SECURITY.2.3 PROJECT PERSPECTIVEThe project Network system for Secure Communication is totally enhanced with the features that enable us to feel the real-time environment.Todays world is mostly employing the latest networking techniques instead of using stand-alone PCs. IPSec tunnelling or Encryption, information scrambling technology is an important security tool. By properly applying, it can provide a secure communication channel even when the underlying system and network infrastructure is not secure. This is particularly important when data passes through the shared systems or network segments where multiple people may have access to the information. In these situations, sensitive data and especially passwords should be encrypted in order to protect it from unintended di sclosure or modification.2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEMIn this system security is the term that comes into picture when some important or sensitive information must be protected from an unauthorized access. Hence there must be some way to protect the data from them and even if he hacks the information,The proposed system provides the security and it does not allow unauthorized users to access the secret files.As per the ISO standards the security parameters areConfidentialityAuthenticationIntegrityKey distributionAccess controlCONFIDENTIALITYConfidentiality is the protection of transmitted data from passive attacks. It can protect the data from unauthorized disclosure.AUTHENTICATIONA process used to verify the integrity of the transmitted data, especially a message. It is the process of proving ones identity to someone else.INTEGRITYThe sender and the receiver want to ensure that the content of their communication is not altered during transmission.KEY DISTRIBUTIONKey distribution can be defin ed as a term that refers to means of delivering a key to the communicating parties, without allowing others to see the key.ACCESS CONTROLIt is a ability to limit and control the access to host systems and applications via communication links.3.Literature ReviewThis project emphasis design and evaluates a computer-based system using appropriate process and tools. Most of the industry wide routers in the network implement their functionality in hardware and therefore we believe that hardware based routers are more efficient than a software-based router implementation besides that most of the work is in the research community which will be performed, using software-based routers utilizing off-the-shelf PCs. Various works have to be attempted which evaluates different protocol stack, however none of them use hardware-based routers, has such a wide range of metrics, and none investigated mechanisms.My research methodology emphasis surveys, forums from the internet and articles from IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersorIEEE) a quantitative approach in advance technology. I also consider various other thesis and books which are best suitable for my project.Here following are the network related definitions, and few protocols from application layer, network and internet layer also discussed which actually gives clear idea of understanding the concepts.3.1 IPSec StandardsIPSec is actually a collection of techniques and protocols it is not defined in a single Internet standard. Instead, a collection of RFCs defines the architecture, services and specific protocols used in IPSec. Some of the most important of these are shown belowRFC 2401 Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol(IPSec overview)The main IPSec document describes the architecture and general operation of the technology, and showing how the different components fit together.RFC 2402 IP Authentication HeaderIt defines the IPSec Authentication Header (AH) protocol used for ensuring d ata integrity and origin verification.RFC 2403 The Use of HMAC-MD5-96 within ESP and AHDescribes a particular encryption algorithm for use by AH and ESP called Message Digest 5 (MD5), HMAC variant.RFC 2404 The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within ESP and AHDescribes a particular encryption algorithm for use by AH and ESP called Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1), HMAC variant.RFC 2406 IP Encapsulating and Security payload (ESP)It describes the IPSec Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP) protocol that provides data encryption for confidentiality.RFC 2408 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)It defines methods for exchanging keys and negotiating security associations.RFC 2409 The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)Describes the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol used to negotiate security associations and exchange keys between devices for secure communications. It is based on ISAKMP and OAKLEY.RFC 2412 The OAKLEY Key Determination ProtocolIt describes a generic protocol for key exchange.RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) DHCP allows a host to obtain an IP address automatically, as well as to learn additional information about subnet mask, the address of its first-hop router, and the address of its local DNS server.RFC 2131 RFC 3022 Network Address Translation (NAT)-In an attempt to provide transparent routing to hosts, NAT devices are used to connect an isolated address realm with private unregistered addresses to an external realm with globally unique registered addresses.Domain Name System (DNS) It is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or a private network. It associates various other information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. For example, ww w.example.com translates to 208.77.188.166.Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) It is Microsofts implementation of NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS), a name server and service for NetBIOS computer names. Effectively WINS is to NetBIOS names, like DNS is to domain names in fact its a central mapping of host names to network addresses. Like DNS it is broken into two parts, a Server Service (that manages the encoded Jet Database, server to server replication, service requests, and conflicts) and a TCP/IP Client component which manages the clients registration and renewal of names, and takes care of queries.VPN (Virtual Private Network) It is a virtual computer network that exists over the top of an existing network. The purpose of a VPN is to allow communications between systems connected to the VPN using an existing shared network infrastructure as the transport, without the VPN network being aware of the existence of the underlying network backbone or without the VPN interfering with other network traffic on the backbone. A VPN between two networks is often referred to as a VPN Tunnel. Most VPN technologies can be separated into two broad categories, Secure VPNs and Trusted VPNs.Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)It is the next-generation Internet Protocol version designated as the successor to IPv4. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol was the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 was defined in December 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the publication of an Internet standard specification,RFC 2460.IPv6 has a vastly larger address space than IPv4. This results from the use of a 128-bit address, whereas IPv4 uses only 32 bits. This expansion provides flexibility in allocating addresses and routing traffic and eliminates the primary need for network address translation (NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exh austion. Due to its security and flexibility entire Internet will be deployed byIPv6 in 2012 as expected.TunnellingIn computer networks tunnelling protocol (delivery protocol) encapsulates the different payload protocol i.e., It carries a payload over an incompatible delivery-network. It can also provide a secure path through an untrusted network without any data loss.Transport Layer Security (TLS)Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide security for communications over networks such as the Internet. TLS and SSL encrypt the segments of network connections at the Transport Layer end-to-end.EncryptionIn cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming information (referred to as plaintext) using an algorithm (called cipher) to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key. The result of the process is encrypted information (in cryptography, refe rred to as cipher text).In many contexts, the word encryption also implicitly refers to the reverse process, decryption.Internet Key ExchangeInternet Key Exchange (IKE or IKEv2) is the protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPSec protocol suite. IKE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to set up a shared session secret, from which cryptographic keys are derived. Public key techniques or, alternatively, a pre-shared key, are used to mutually authenticate the communicating parties.4.IPSec System ArchitectureAuthentication Header and Encapsulating Security Payload are commonly called protocols, though this is another case where the validity of this term is debatable. They are not really distinct protocols but are implemented as headers that are inserted into IP datagrams, as we will see. They thus do the grunt work of IPSec, and can be used together to provide both authentication and privacy.IPSec protocolsThe IPSec protocol family consists of two protocols Authentica tion Header (AH) andEncapsulated Security Payload (ESP). Both these protocols are independent IP. AH is the IP protocol 51 and ESP is the IP protocol 50Authentication HeaderThis is a member of the IPSec protocol suite. Authentication Header provides connectionless data integrity and data origin authentication of IP packets. Further, it can also provide protection against the replay attacks by using the sliding window technique and by discarding the old packets. Authentication Header also gives protection for the IP payload and all the header fields of an IP datagram.AH generally operates on the stop of IP, by using the IP protocol number 51.An AH packet diagram is shown below which describes how an AH packet can be constructed and interpretedField meaningsNext headerThis field is an 8-bit field that mainly identifies the type of the next payload obtained after the Authentication Header. The value of this field can be chosen from the set of defined IP Protocol Numbers.RESERVEDThese f ields are usually reserved for the future use.Payload lengthThis defines the size of Authentication Header packet.Sequence numberThis field represents a monotonically increasing number which is used to prevent certain replay attacks.Security parameters index (SPI)This field is used to identify the security parameters, in combination with the IP address, and then identify the security association techniques implemented with this packet.Authentication dataThis field contains the integrity check value (ICV) which is necessary to authenticate the packet. This field may also contain padding.Encapsulating Security PayloadESP which can be expanded as Encapsulating Security Payload is a member belonging of the IPSec protocol suite. IPSec achieves integrity, origin authenticity, and confidentiality protection of packets. This protocol also supports encryption-only and authentication-only configurations. However usage of only encryption technique without authentication is not recommended beca use it is termed insecure.ESP does not protect the IP packet header like the Authentication Header (AH) does. The packet diagram below shows how an ESP packet is constructed and interpretedField meaningsSecurity paramete